BPO
BPO [Business Process Outsourcing] has been the latest mantra in India today. As the current sources of revenue face slower growth, software companies are trying new ways to increase their revenues. BPO is top on their list today. IT services companies are making a quick entry into the BPO space on the strength of their existing set of clients. We hope to address all issues related to BPO in India on this portal.
We will attempt to explain what it takes to setup a BPO facility in India. Actually, setting up a call center is capital intensive affair. An ordinary BPO center that takes care of pure back office operation [e.g. payroll, data entry etc.] will not be as expensive as a call center.
The philosophy behind BPO is specific, do what you do best and leave everything else to business process outsourcers. Companies are moving their non-core business processes to outsource providers. BPO saves precious management time and resources and allows focus while building upon core competencies. The list of functions being outsourced is getting longer by the day.
In the early days, BPO usually consisted of outsourcing processes such as payroll. Then it grew to include employee benefits management. Now it encompasses a number of functions that are considered "non-core" to the primary business strategy.Now it is common for organizations to outsource financial and administration (F&A) processes, human resources (HR) functions, call center and customer service activities and accounting and payroll.
Saturday, February 7, 2009
BPO Services
Offshore outsourcing of your Business Process is a compelling business strategy. At CCS Solutions we attempt to identify the possible outsourcing opportunity and present our capability as an integrated Technology and process Outsourcer catering to all your needs. We would be your partner to provide end to end services across the value chain. We offer our service to the following processes such as Data Processing, Transcription Service, Data Conversion, Legal Consulting, Data Harvesting, and Strategy Consulting services
Transcription Service
CCS Solutions has best-of-breed technology equipment and software for its state of the art medical transcription facility. Our endeavor is to constantly re-engineer the dictation/transcription process in order to take full advantage of the latest advances in computers, networking and digital technology. Combining these technologies with competent transcription skills allows us to provide cost-effective solutions to meet your transcription needs. We offer clients a set of core competencies, which are invaluable to the health information management professionals as well as other professionals who must dictate a steady stream of reports and correspondence.
Our belief in maintaining accuracy and attention to every detail of transcription process has given industry wide great applause. Our transcription work goes through two levels of quality checking before it’s delivered. We have consistently maintained 99% accuracy. Variations in speech patterns, various English accents and dialects, as well as continuous development in the lexicon of medicine and technology require the specialized expertise we have to assure transcription accuracy. We are specialized in the following Reports - Discharge Summary, Death Summary, Progress Notes, Clinical Notes, Emergency Notes, History & Physical, Radiology Consultation Reports, Office Visits, Physician Letters, and Psychiatry Reports etc.
Data Conversion Service
Our world leading data conversion capabilities include services such as e-Book Conversion, XML, SGML, HTML, PDF and Tiffs. This apart, CCS Solutions converts data stored on paper, proprietary file formats and many other formats into the choice of data and medium that you would desire. Worldwide users of our data conversion services include major publishers and manufacturing companies, academic and research libraries colleges and universities, and public utilities.
Many organizations are faced with mountains of non-standard source material created over the years by a variety of organizations and individuals. Their current and future business goals depend on converting this data to a standardized database. CCS Solutions offers a full range of consulting and data conversion services to help organizations meet this critical need. We become a working extension of your technical conversion team, providing services that are ideally suited to today's requirements for consistent, tightly structured, highly accurate databases
We not only convert data, we understand your objectives in a broader context. That's why we proactively suggest improvements in database design, and identify simple solutions that add power at little or no cost. We foresee and resolve integration issues, always focusing on improving the ease, reliability, and speed of your database.
Data Harvesting Service
We believe that our Value Proposition framework when tailored to meet our client's specific business and process delivery requirements will further enhance the value we passionately deliver to our customers on consistent basis. We understand just how critical building and maintaining directories and databases is to any business, educational or research organization. Through a combination of proprietary technology (bots and spiders developed in-house) and a top-notch team of editors and researchers, CCS Solutions helps you stay ahead in your business armed with well managed information.
CCS Solutions has a large team of professionals having vast experience in harvesting data from the Web for directories and databases. This experience has been the cornerstone of CCS Solutions's renowned accuracy and timeliness, and the foundation for our leadership in the areas of database and directory creation, maintenance and updating.
Our expertise in data harvesting domain includes Data Capturing Service From The Web, Online data entry and internet search, Catalog / database management, Internet research, email mining and customized list making, Portal management support, e-Newsletters / e-Clippings, Secondary Research / Market Intelligence.
Our experienced web researchers mine the World Wide Web, harvest data and present them to you in the format you require. We deliver the right information to you which you can use for action.
Offshore outsourcing of your Business Process is a compelling business strategy. At CCS Solutions we attempt to identify the possible outsourcing opportunity and present our capability as an integrated Technology and process Outsourcer catering to all your needs. We would be your partner to provide end to end services across the value chain. We offer our service to the following processes such as Data Processing, Transcription Service, Data Conversion, Legal Consulting, Data Harvesting, and Strategy Consulting services
Transcription Service
CCS Solutions has best-of-breed technology equipment and software for its state of the art medical transcription facility. Our endeavor is to constantly re-engineer the dictation/transcription process in order to take full advantage of the latest advances in computers, networking and digital technology. Combining these technologies with competent transcription skills allows us to provide cost-effective solutions to meet your transcription needs. We offer clients a set of core competencies, which are invaluable to the health information management professionals as well as other professionals who must dictate a steady stream of reports and correspondence.
Our belief in maintaining accuracy and attention to every detail of transcription process has given industry wide great applause. Our transcription work goes through two levels of quality checking before it’s delivered. We have consistently maintained 99% accuracy. Variations in speech patterns, various English accents and dialects, as well as continuous development in the lexicon of medicine and technology require the specialized expertise we have to assure transcription accuracy. We are specialized in the following Reports - Discharge Summary, Death Summary, Progress Notes, Clinical Notes, Emergency Notes, History & Physical, Radiology Consultation Reports, Office Visits, Physician Letters, and Psychiatry Reports etc.
Data Conversion Service
Our world leading data conversion capabilities include services such as e-Book Conversion, XML, SGML, HTML, PDF and Tiffs. This apart, CCS Solutions converts data stored on paper, proprietary file formats and many other formats into the choice of data and medium that you would desire. Worldwide users of our data conversion services include major publishers and manufacturing companies, academic and research libraries colleges and universities, and public utilities.
Many organizations are faced with mountains of non-standard source material created over the years by a variety of organizations and individuals. Their current and future business goals depend on converting this data to a standardized database. CCS Solutions offers a full range of consulting and data conversion services to help organizations meet this critical need. We become a working extension of your technical conversion team, providing services that are ideally suited to today's requirements for consistent, tightly structured, highly accurate databases
We not only convert data, we understand your objectives in a broader context. That's why we proactively suggest improvements in database design, and identify simple solutions that add power at little or no cost. We foresee and resolve integration issues, always focusing on improving the ease, reliability, and speed of your database.
Data Harvesting Service
We believe that our Value Proposition framework when tailored to meet our client's specific business and process delivery requirements will further enhance the value we passionately deliver to our customers on consistent basis. We understand just how critical building and maintaining directories and databases is to any business, educational or research organization. Through a combination of proprietary technology (bots and spiders developed in-house) and a top-notch team of editors and researchers, CCS Solutions helps you stay ahead in your business armed with well managed information.
CCS Solutions has a large team of professionals having vast experience in harvesting data from the Web for directories and databases. This experience has been the cornerstone of CCS Solutions's renowned accuracy and timeliness, and the foundation for our leadership in the areas of database and directory creation, maintenance and updating.
Our expertise in data harvesting domain includes Data Capturing Service From The Web, Online data entry and internet search, Catalog / database management, Internet research, email mining and customized list making, Portal management support, e-Newsletters / e-Clippings, Secondary Research / Market Intelligence.
Our experienced web researchers mine the World Wide Web, harvest data and present them to you in the format you require. We deliver the right information to you which you can use for action.
Call centers
Call centers apart, functions outsourced span purchasing and disbursement, order entry, billing and collection, human resources administration, cash and investment management, tax compliance, internal audit, pay roll...the list gets longer everyday.
In view of the accounting scandals in 1999 [Enron, WorldCom, Xerox etc], more and more companies are keen on keeping their investors happy. Hence, it is important for them to increase their profits. BPO is one way of increasing their profits. If done well, BPO results in increasing shareholder value.
Typically, a customer calls the call center [usually a toll-free number]. After pressing numerous numbers [1 for English, 2 for Spanish, 3 for bank balance!] the operator will answer your query by accessing the database. Call centers address sales support, airline/hotel reservations, technical queries, bank accounts, client services, receivables, tele-marketing, market research.
If a bank shifts work of a 1000 people from US to India it can save about $18 million a year due to lower costs in India. According to Mckinsey, giant US pharma firms can reduce the cost of developing a new drug, currently estimated at between $600 million and $900 million by as much as $200 million if development work is outsourced to India.
Call centers apart, functions outsourced span purchasing and disbursement, order entry, billing and collection, human resources administration, cash and investment management, tax compliance, internal audit, pay roll...the list gets longer everyday.
In view of the accounting scandals in 1999 [Enron, WorldCom, Xerox etc], more and more companies are keen on keeping their investors happy. Hence, it is important for them to increase their profits. BPO is one way of increasing their profits. If done well, BPO results in increasing shareholder value.
Typically, a customer calls the call center [usually a toll-free number]. After pressing numerous numbers [1 for English, 2 for Spanish, 3 for bank balance!] the operator will answer your query by accessing the database. Call centers address sales support, airline/hotel reservations, technical queries, bank accounts, client services, receivables, tele-marketing, market research.
If a bank shifts work of a 1000 people from US to India it can save about $18 million a year due to lower costs in India. According to Mckinsey, giant US pharma firms can reduce the cost of developing a new drug, currently estimated at between $600 million and $900 million by as much as $200 million if development work is outsourced to India.
Benefits derived from BPO
India has one of the largest pools of low-cost English speaking scientific and technical talent. This makes India one of the obvious choices to outsource to. Dell, Sun Microsystems, LG, Ford, GE, Oracle all have announced plans to scale up their operations in India. Others like American Express, IBM and British Airways are leveraging the cost advantage India has to offer while setting up call centers.
Several foreign airline and banks have too set up business process operations in India. Many European and US companies have realized that they should focus on their main business and outsource their Human Resource Department, accounting department etc. Bingo! it is here exactly India fits in! Today US corporations have embraced BPO wholeheartedly.
Managed Care Companies, which is more popularly known as Healthcare payers, are increasingly outsourcing business processes due to changing and challenging business environment and technological and legislative changes. There is a good opportunity for Indian BPO vendors in this space. BPO vendors will need to have good domain knowledge, process know-how and competence with technological solutions to cater to these Manage Care Companies.
The driving force behind the outsourcing of business processes is cost effectiveness. The availability of abundant, technically skilled English speaking labor in India is what attracts most companies to outsource their business processes. In the past decade or so telecom and other infrastructure has also improved up to global standards. The quality of services provided is also meeting international standards. Another major incentive for outsourcing is the income tax policy followed by the government. Another important advantage is the ability of BPO’s to provide 24/7 services
India has one of the largest pools of low-cost English speaking scientific and technical talent. This makes India one of the obvious choices to outsource to. Dell, Sun Microsystems, LG, Ford, GE, Oracle all have announced plans to scale up their operations in India. Others like American Express, IBM and British Airways are leveraging the cost advantage India has to offer while setting up call centers.
Several foreign airline and banks have too set up business process operations in India. Many European and US companies have realized that they should focus on their main business and outsource their Human Resource Department, accounting department etc. Bingo! it is here exactly India fits in! Today US corporations have embraced BPO wholeheartedly.
Managed Care Companies, which is more popularly known as Healthcare payers, are increasingly outsourcing business processes due to changing and challenging business environment and technological and legislative changes. There is a good opportunity for Indian BPO vendors in this space. BPO vendors will need to have good domain knowledge, process know-how and competence with technological solutions to cater to these Manage Care Companies.
The driving force behind the outsourcing of business processes is cost effectiveness. The availability of abundant, technically skilled English speaking labor in India is what attracts most companies to outsource their business processes. In the past decade or so telecom and other infrastructure has also improved up to global standards. The quality of services provided is also meeting international standards. Another major incentive for outsourcing is the income tax policy followed by the government. Another important advantage is the ability of BPO’s to provide 24/7 services
Outsourcing
Outsourcing involves the transfer of the management and/or day-to-day execution of an entire business function to an external service provider. The client organization and the supplier enter into a contractual agreement that defines the transferred services. Under the agreement the supplier acquires the means of production in the form of a transfer of people, assets and other resources from the client. The client agrees to procure the services from the supplier for the term of the contract.
Business segments typically outsourced include information technology, human resources, real estate, management and accounting. Many companies also outsource customer support and call center functions like telemarketing, CAD drafting, customer service, market research, manufacturing, designing, web development, content writing, ghostwriting and engineering.
Outsourcing and offshoring are used interchangeably in public discourse despite important technical differences. Outsourcing involves contracting with a supplier, which may or may not involve some degree of offshoring. Offshoring is the transfer of an organizational function to another country, regardless of whether the work is outsourced or stays within the same corporation/company.
With increasing globalization of outsourcing companies, the distinction between outsourcing and offshoring will become less clear over time. This is evident in the increasing presence of Indian outsourcing companies in the US and UK. The globalization of outsourcing operating models has resulted in new terms such as nearshoring, noshoring, and rightshoring that reflect the changing mix of locations. This is seen in the opening of offices and operations centers by Indian companies in the U.S. and UK. A major job that is being outsourced is accounting. They are able to complete tax returns across seas for people in America.
Outsourcing involves the transfer of the management and/or day-to-day execution of an entire business function to an external service provider. The client organization and the supplier enter into a contractual agreement that defines the transferred services. Under the agreement the supplier acquires the means of production in the form of a transfer of people, assets and other resources from the client. The client agrees to procure the services from the supplier for the term of the contract.
Business segments typically outsourced include information technology, human resources, real estate, management and accounting. Many companies also outsource customer support and call center functions like telemarketing, CAD drafting, customer service, market research, manufacturing, designing, web development, content writing, ghostwriting and engineering.
Outsourcing and offshoring are used interchangeably in public discourse despite important technical differences. Outsourcing involves contracting with a supplier, which may or may not involve some degree of offshoring. Offshoring is the transfer of an organizational function to another country, regardless of whether the work is outsourced or stays within the same corporation/company.
With increasing globalization of outsourcing companies, the distinction between outsourcing and offshoring will become less clear over time. This is evident in the increasing presence of Indian outsourcing companies in the US and UK. The globalization of outsourcing operating models has resulted in new terms such as nearshoring, noshoring, and rightshoring that reflect the changing mix of locations. This is seen in the opening of offices and operations centers by Indian companies in the U.S. and UK. A major job that is being outsourced is accounting. They are able to complete tax returns across seas for people in America.
Basics of Outsourcing
Outsourcing refers to a company that contract with another company to provide services and to perform all the front office and back office task. The outsourcing tasks are done by the employees working in the third parties concern. Recently outsourcing jobs are increasing rapidly in most of the developing countries. Outsourcing jobs is providing more job opportunities for many freshly graduated students.
Many large companies are now providing outsource jobs such as call center services, e-mail services, and payroll. These jobs are handled by separate companies that specialize in each service, and are often located overseas. Most of the outsourcing companies are set up overseas and such companies are called as offshore outsourcing. Such offshore outsourcing trends have been created to reduce the cost in terms of paying the employees and of course due to the excellent performance received from outsourcing.
Outsourcing jobs has turned to be a great source for providing more employment in developing countries like India. It has created a drastic change on the living and life style of its employees. Outsourcing jobs does not require any specialized training. A person with a good English knowledge, basics of computer can be very suitable for an outsourcing job. Outsourcing job has the strength to create a vast change in the economy of one country. For example, outsourcing jobs in countries like India and China is still forming the base for economy improvement.
There are many reasons why companies outsource various jobs. One of the most predominant advantages would be to saves money. Many of the companies that provide outsourcing services are able to do the work for considerably less money, as they don't have to provide benefits to their workers, and have fewer overhead expenses to worry about. Examples countries like US establish their outsourcing centers in countries like India so that they can get cheaper employees and also the work done is equal to their highly paid employees. Starting an outsourcing center is one of the best way and also a cost-effective way to start building foundations in other countries.
Outsourcing refers to a company that contract with another company to provide services and to perform all the front office and back office task. The outsourcing tasks are done by the employees working in the third parties concern. Recently outsourcing jobs are increasing rapidly in most of the developing countries. Outsourcing jobs is providing more job opportunities for many freshly graduated students.
Many large companies are now providing outsource jobs such as call center services, e-mail services, and payroll. These jobs are handled by separate companies that specialize in each service, and are often located overseas. Most of the outsourcing companies are set up overseas and such companies are called as offshore outsourcing. Such offshore outsourcing trends have been created to reduce the cost in terms of paying the employees and of course due to the excellent performance received from outsourcing.
Outsourcing jobs has turned to be a great source for providing more employment in developing countries like India. It has created a drastic change on the living and life style of its employees. Outsourcing jobs does not require any specialized training. A person with a good English knowledge, basics of computer can be very suitable for an outsourcing job. Outsourcing job has the strength to create a vast change in the economy of one country. For example, outsourcing jobs in countries like India and China is still forming the base for economy improvement.
There are many reasons why companies outsource various jobs. One of the most predominant advantages would be to saves money. Many of the companies that provide outsourcing services are able to do the work for considerably less money, as they don't have to provide benefits to their workers, and have fewer overhead expenses to worry about. Examples countries like US establish their outsourcing centers in countries like India so that they can get cheaper employees and also the work done is equal to their highly paid employees. Starting an outsourcing center is one of the best way and also a cost-effective way to start building foundations in other countries.
Friday, February 6, 2009
Multisourcing
Multisourcing refers to large (predominantly IT) outsourcing agreements. Multisourcing is a framework to enable different parts of the client business to be sourced from different suppliers. This requires a governance model that communicates strategy, clearly defines responsibility and has end-to-end integration.
A strategy that treats a given function -- such as IT -- as a portfolio of activities, some of which should be outsourced and others of which should be performed by internal staff. This approach moves away from the idea that all of a function should be viewed as a commodity, easily handed over to a service provider. Also known as "selective sourcing."
Strategic outsourcing is the organizing arrangement that emerges when firms rely on intermediate markets to provide specialized capabilities that supplement existing capabilities deployed along a firm’s value chain .Such an arrangement produces value within firms’ supply chains beyond those benefits achieved through cost economies.
Intermediate markets that provide specialized capabilities emerge as different industry conditions intensify the partitioning of production. As a result of greater information standardization and simplified coordination, clear administrative demarcations emerge along a value chain. Partitioning of intermediate markets occurs as the coordination of production across a value chain is simplified and as information becomes standardized, making it easier to transfer activities across boundaries
Multisourcing refers to large (predominantly IT) outsourcing agreements. Multisourcing is a framework to enable different parts of the client business to be sourced from different suppliers. This requires a governance model that communicates strategy, clearly defines responsibility and has end-to-end integration.
A strategy that treats a given function -- such as IT -- as a portfolio of activities, some of which should be outsourced and others of which should be performed by internal staff. This approach moves away from the idea that all of a function should be viewed as a commodity, easily handed over to a service provider. Also known as "selective sourcing."
Strategic outsourcing is the organizing arrangement that emerges when firms rely on intermediate markets to provide specialized capabilities that supplement existing capabilities deployed along a firm’s value chain .Such an arrangement produces value within firms’ supply chains beyond those benefits achieved through cost economies.
Intermediate markets that provide specialized capabilities emerge as different industry conditions intensify the partitioning of production. As a result of greater information standardization and simplified coordination, clear administrative demarcations emerge along a value chain. Partitioning of intermediate markets occurs as the coordination of production across a value chain is simplified and as information becomes standardized, making it easier to transfer activities across boundaries
The Outsourcing History of India
The idea of outsourcing has its roots in the 'competitive advantage' theory propagated by Adam Smith in his book 'The Wealth of Nations' which was published in the year 1776. Over the years, the meaning of the term 'outsourcing' has undergone a sea-change. What started off as the shifting of manufacturing goods to countries providing cheap labor during the Industrial Revolution, has taken on a new connotation in today's scenario. In a world where information technology has become the backbone of businesses worldwide, 'outsourcing' is the process through which one company hands over part of its work to another company, making it responsible for the design and implementation of certain business process under the requirements and specifications of the outsourcing company.
This outsourcing process is beneficial to both the outsourcing company and the outsourcing service provider. In an outsourcing relationship, the outsourcing service provider enables the outsourcer to reduce operating costs, increase quality in non core areas of business, save on effort and increase in productivity Outsource2india (O2I), a pioneer in outsourcing since the year 1999, provides ten distinct services which cater to a wide range of industries. Outsource to O2I and get access to proficient and cost-effective services.
Since the onset of globalization in India during the early 1990s, successive Indian governments have pursued programs of economic reform committed to liberalization and privatization. Until the year 1994, the Indian telecom sector was under the control of the governmental. The state owned units in India enjoyed a monopoly in the market. In the year 1994, the government announced a policy under which the sector was liberalized and private participation was encouraged. The ‘New Telecom Policy’ of 1999 brought in further changes with the introduction of IP telephony and ended the state monopoly on international calling facilities. This brought about a drastic reduction heralded the golden era for the ITES/BPO industry. This in turn ushered in a slew of inbound/outbound call centers and data processing centers.
Although the IT industry in India has existed since the early 1980s, it was the early and mid 1990s that saw the emergence of outsourcing. One of the first outsourced services was medical transcription, but outsourcing of business processes like data processing, medical billing, and customer support began towards the end of the 1990s when MNCs established wholly owned subsidiaries which catered to the offshoring requirements of their parent companies. Some of the earliest players in the Indian outsourcing market were American Express, GE Capital and British Airways.
The idea of outsourcing has its roots in the 'competitive advantage' theory propagated by Adam Smith in his book 'The Wealth of Nations' which was published in the year 1776. Over the years, the meaning of the term 'outsourcing' has undergone a sea-change. What started off as the shifting of manufacturing goods to countries providing cheap labor during the Industrial Revolution, has taken on a new connotation in today's scenario. In a world where information technology has become the backbone of businesses worldwide, 'outsourcing' is the process through which one company hands over part of its work to another company, making it responsible for the design and implementation of certain business process under the requirements and specifications of the outsourcing company.
This outsourcing process is beneficial to both the outsourcing company and the outsourcing service provider. In an outsourcing relationship, the outsourcing service provider enables the outsourcer to reduce operating costs, increase quality in non core areas of business, save on effort and increase in productivity Outsource2india (O2I), a pioneer in outsourcing since the year 1999, provides ten distinct services which cater to a wide range of industries. Outsource to O2I and get access to proficient and cost-effective services.
Since the onset of globalization in India during the early 1990s, successive Indian governments have pursued programs of economic reform committed to liberalization and privatization. Until the year 1994, the Indian telecom sector was under the control of the governmental. The state owned units in India enjoyed a monopoly in the market. In the year 1994, the government announced a policy under which the sector was liberalized and private participation was encouraged. The ‘New Telecom Policy’ of 1999 brought in further changes with the introduction of IP telephony and ended the state monopoly on international calling facilities. This brought about a drastic reduction heralded the golden era for the ITES/BPO industry. This in turn ushered in a slew of inbound/outbound call centers and data processing centers.
Although the IT industry in India has existed since the early 1980s, it was the early and mid 1990s that saw the emergence of outsourcing. One of the first outsourced services was medical transcription, but outsourcing of business processes like data processing, medical billing, and customer support began towards the end of the 1990s when MNCs established wholly owned subsidiaries which catered to the offshoring requirements of their parent companies. Some of the earliest players in the Indian outsourcing market were American Express, GE Capital and British Airways.
Advantages of outsourcing
Proponents of outsourcing cite a variety of reasons for "letting others do it. " Here are some of the most important Cost savings - By outsourcing functions that were previously performed in house, companies are often able to reduce their employee levels and related costs, such as recruitment, supervision, salary and benefits. By outsourcing a capital intensive function, you can also reduce the costs of equipment obsolescence and depreciation. A portion of your cost savings will go to the outsourcer, but outsourcing vendors have a tighter control of fringe benefits and run leaner overhead structures. They also know how to deal with vendors serving the function they are providing and therefore, are able to pass on to your company the benefits derived from bulk purchasing and effective leasing.
Quality of service - Because your company is the outsourcer's customer, you will likely experience a "can-do attitude," which may not always be exhibited by an in-house staff.
More capital funds - Outsourcing reduces the need to invest capital in non-core business functions, thereby freeing capital to invest in profit-making aspects of the business.
State-of-the-art technology - Outsourcers have to spend time and money on the most current equipment and on employee training to remain competitive. By outsourcing certain areas, you are assured of receiving the most efficient services and the latest technological advances within that particular function.
Price stability - By signing a contract to outsource, you will likely be able to obtain stable pricing, eliminating the future need to shop around. Stable pricing allows the company to budget operating expenses and capital purchases more accurately, while potentially preventing the likelihood of surprise expenses.
New business partners - Outsourcers clearly wish to be viewed as your business partner. And as a business partner, they share in the desire to keep your company operating at its maximum potential. Through this business partner arrangement, outsourcers are eager to introduce you to other outsourcers to assist in that goal.
More time to focus on core business activities - You cannot overlook this intangible benefit of outsourcing. If a company is to be successful and profitable, management is needed to spend time planning and directing the company's business strategies and not wasting time worrying about managing certain administrative or ancillary functions.
Proponents of outsourcing cite a variety of reasons for "letting others do it. " Here are some of the most important Cost savings - By outsourcing functions that were previously performed in house, companies are often able to reduce their employee levels and related costs, such as recruitment, supervision, salary and benefits. By outsourcing a capital intensive function, you can also reduce the costs of equipment obsolescence and depreciation. A portion of your cost savings will go to the outsourcer, but outsourcing vendors have a tighter control of fringe benefits and run leaner overhead structures. They also know how to deal with vendors serving the function they are providing and therefore, are able to pass on to your company the benefits derived from bulk purchasing and effective leasing.
Quality of service - Because your company is the outsourcer's customer, you will likely experience a "can-do attitude," which may not always be exhibited by an in-house staff.
More capital funds - Outsourcing reduces the need to invest capital in non-core business functions, thereby freeing capital to invest in profit-making aspects of the business.
State-of-the-art technology - Outsourcers have to spend time and money on the most current equipment and on employee training to remain competitive. By outsourcing certain areas, you are assured of receiving the most efficient services and the latest technological advances within that particular function.
Price stability - By signing a contract to outsource, you will likely be able to obtain stable pricing, eliminating the future need to shop around. Stable pricing allows the company to budget operating expenses and capital purchases more accurately, while potentially preventing the likelihood of surprise expenses.
New business partners - Outsourcers clearly wish to be viewed as your business partner. And as a business partner, they share in the desire to keep your company operating at its maximum potential. Through this business partner arrangement, outsourcers are eager to introduce you to other outsourcers to assist in that goal.
More time to focus on core business activities - You cannot overlook this intangible benefit of outsourcing. If a company is to be successful and profitable, management is needed to spend time planning and directing the company's business strategies and not wasting time worrying about managing certain administrative or ancillary functions.
KPO – KNOWLEDGE PROCESS OUTSOURCING
KPO refers to knowledge process outsourcing or knowledge processing outsourcing. Knowledge process Outsourcing is information-related, knowledge-related, or judgment-related business services. KPO includes those activities that require greater skill, knowledge, education and expertise to handle analytical jobs. For example, an insurance company might outsource data entry works using a BPO initiative, at the same time it may also choose to use a KPO service provider to evaluate new insurance applications based on a set of criteria or business rules. KPO jobs and service require the efforts of more knowledgeable set of workers than the data entry would require. The current definition of KPO encompasses R&D, product development and legal discovery, as well as a number of other business functions that needs more critical thinking and analysis.
KPO firms are conducting a wide variety of intellectual research, including clinical, pharmaceutical, banking, legal, sales, and marketing. KPO can also benefit sectors such as designers, animators, database developers, writers, and content developers.
KPO work requires employees who have great communication and analytical skills. The ideal KPO employee is college educated and well-trained graduates who possesses a high degree of computer skills and English proficiency. It also requires employees who are ready to work 24 hrs, to satisfy their clients.
KPO firms are cropping up in most of the developing countries that have vast numbers of people who are willing to work for lower pay rates. India is one among those countries which has formed a strong basement for the establishment of KPO concerns. Currently many countries are been turned into KPO centers. Countries such as China, Israel, Russia, Ireland, and the Czech Republic are now in the venture of having more KPO businesses offering and services. Even small countries like Philippines are steadily growing in KPO sectors.
One of the major advantages of a KPO sector is conducting a business activity at a lower cost and at lesser time. Businesses can also gain more operational efficiencies because they can focus on the growth areas of their industries instead of spending time and manpower on basic research and development.
KPO refers to knowledge process outsourcing or knowledge processing outsourcing. Knowledge process Outsourcing is information-related, knowledge-related, or judgment-related business services. KPO includes those activities that require greater skill, knowledge, education and expertise to handle analytical jobs. For example, an insurance company might outsource data entry works using a BPO initiative, at the same time it may also choose to use a KPO service provider to evaluate new insurance applications based on a set of criteria or business rules. KPO jobs and service require the efforts of more knowledgeable set of workers than the data entry would require. The current definition of KPO encompasses R&D, product development and legal discovery, as well as a number of other business functions that needs more critical thinking and analysis.
KPO firms are conducting a wide variety of intellectual research, including clinical, pharmaceutical, banking, legal, sales, and marketing. KPO can also benefit sectors such as designers, animators, database developers, writers, and content developers.
KPO work requires employees who have great communication and analytical skills. The ideal KPO employee is college educated and well-trained graduates who possesses a high degree of computer skills and English proficiency. It also requires employees who are ready to work 24 hrs, to satisfy their clients.
KPO firms are cropping up in most of the developing countries that have vast numbers of people who are willing to work for lower pay rates. India is one among those countries which has formed a strong basement for the establishment of KPO concerns. Currently many countries are been turned into KPO centers. Countries such as China, Israel, Russia, Ireland, and the Czech Republic are now in the venture of having more KPO businesses offering and services. Even small countries like Philippines are steadily growing in KPO sectors.
One of the major advantages of a KPO sector is conducting a business activity at a lower cost and at lesser time. Businesses can also gain more operational efficiencies because they can focus on the growth areas of their industries instead of spending time and manpower on basic research and development.
Growth of Indian BPO Industry
BPO industry is a fastest growing Industry. By 2012 BPO industry can achieve assets of up to $50 billion, but the company need more investments both in infrastructure and education by the government If the BPO industry attain $50 billion assets, it can appoint two million staffs and offer more jobs for them.Inorder to push the assets up to $50 billion, Indian government has to play a great role. Indian companies spend a lot on in -house training because the education system in India does not have the direct links with the BPO industry, said Raman Roy, chairman and MD of Quattro.
BPO Industry has launched a Data Security Council, a self regulatory body headed by Mr.Shyamal Gosh as its chairman. It will ensure data privacy to the BPO industry. NASSCOM started training centers in Bangalore, Mumbai and Pune to train the police in cyber crime investigation. This also a part of the growth of this industry.BPO also launched National Skills Registry to ensure the verified database of the human resource in the BPO sector.
The vast growth of BPO industry has changed the face of Indian youth. The growth of call center has resulted in the cultural and economical development in the society. They offered more career option to the youngsters and it helped them to improve their knowledge, personality and make them to face any challenges in life. It also helped them to understand foreign culture, language and accent as it serve the foreign countries.BPO offers high salary and the employees can earn Rs.10, 000 to 15,000.This high salary attract everybody to work in BPO sector. So they will get more man power. This man power is the reason for the vast growth of BPO industry.
BPO has a major role in boosting India's economical status. IT sector contribute more to the economic growth of India. The growth in the contribution shows a rise from 1.2% - 5.4%.It is very clear that BPO Industry has a major role in developing economic status of India. Even though BPO Industry faces more challenges, it has contributed largely for the economic growth of India.
BPO industry is a fastest growing Industry. By 2012 BPO industry can achieve assets of up to $50 billion, but the company need more investments both in infrastructure and education by the government If the BPO industry attain $50 billion assets, it can appoint two million staffs and offer more jobs for them.Inorder to push the assets up to $50 billion, Indian government has to play a great role. Indian companies spend a lot on in -house training because the education system in India does not have the direct links with the BPO industry, said Raman Roy, chairman and MD of Quattro.
BPO Industry has launched a Data Security Council, a self regulatory body headed by Mr.Shyamal Gosh as its chairman. It will ensure data privacy to the BPO industry. NASSCOM started training centers in Bangalore, Mumbai and Pune to train the police in cyber crime investigation. This also a part of the growth of this industry.BPO also launched National Skills Registry to ensure the verified database of the human resource in the BPO sector.
The vast growth of BPO industry has changed the face of Indian youth. The growth of call center has resulted in the cultural and economical development in the society. They offered more career option to the youngsters and it helped them to improve their knowledge, personality and make them to face any challenges in life. It also helped them to understand foreign culture, language and accent as it serve the foreign countries.BPO offers high salary and the employees can earn Rs.10, 000 to 15,000.This high salary attract everybody to work in BPO sector. So they will get more man power. This man power is the reason for the vast growth of BPO industry.
BPO has a major role in boosting India's economical status. IT sector contribute more to the economic growth of India. The growth in the contribution shows a rise from 1.2% - 5.4%.It is very clear that BPO Industry has a major role in developing economic status of India. Even though BPO Industry faces more challenges, it has contributed largely for the economic growth of India.
Challenge for the BPO industry in India
BPO is one of the fastest developing Industries in India. But currently Indian BPO is facing some challenges due to its vast growth. The challenges can be classified as external and internal challenges. Internal challenges are the inadequacy of the managers for the senior and middle management and the high rate of attrition. External challenges include Obstruction from UK labor union and the US politicians against the altering of all BPO functions by local companies to India.
Indian Industry lacks experienced middle and senior mangers .Deficiency of senior and middle manager is a big issue. Employment and entry level recruitment is not a problem with fresh employers with good communication skill, available readily in the job market. The issue is more severe for the third party outsourcing companies that have just speculated into this business. These companies fail to invest in training, given their financial and other restraint.BPO companies such as American Express and GE, that are established performers in the business, have no such issues. They have stable investment to train their managers, even though they faced so many problems. Their senior and middle managers are being encroached by new entrants to the company. Report shows that established performers face an attrition rate of forty five percentages against the average of thirty five percentages.
Next issue is high attrition rate. It means not only the training cost of new appointments but also the loss of talent. The rate of attrition in this Industry is about thirty five percentage, which is high for any company. Normally in average call center the employees will work only for 11 months, but in average UK call centers they work for 3 years. Attrition rate comes down once the growth equalizes. So rapid growth of industry is the one of the reasons for high rate or attrition. To avoid such issues the company must recruit the experienced employees not only at the management level but also at the new entry level. Company also must be willing to invest in training employees to create responsible managers and team leaders.
Another important issue is the limited growth potential for employees in the company. The company should give more career growth for the employees .They should promote the employees form lower to higher position within the copmany.Indian Industry is having more competitors like china ,Ireland and Philippines. But China cannot compete with India due to the lack of English speaking employees. India can defeat all the competitors it does not mean that Indian industry can sit and take rest. It should be well prepared to face the compitation.It should keep up its value chain without confining itself to low skilled jobs. It must try to maintain its competitive position over the competitors, in terms of quality people, low of cost and favorable environment.
BPO is one of the fastest developing Industries in India. But currently Indian BPO is facing some challenges due to its vast growth. The challenges can be classified as external and internal challenges. Internal challenges are the inadequacy of the managers for the senior and middle management and the high rate of attrition. External challenges include Obstruction from UK labor union and the US politicians against the altering of all BPO functions by local companies to India.
Indian Industry lacks experienced middle and senior mangers .Deficiency of senior and middle manager is a big issue. Employment and entry level recruitment is not a problem with fresh employers with good communication skill, available readily in the job market. The issue is more severe for the third party outsourcing companies that have just speculated into this business. These companies fail to invest in training, given their financial and other restraint.BPO companies such as American Express and GE, that are established performers in the business, have no such issues. They have stable investment to train their managers, even though they faced so many problems. Their senior and middle managers are being encroached by new entrants to the company. Report shows that established performers face an attrition rate of forty five percentages against the average of thirty five percentages.
Next issue is high attrition rate. It means not only the training cost of new appointments but also the loss of talent. The rate of attrition in this Industry is about thirty five percentage, which is high for any company. Normally in average call center the employees will work only for 11 months, but in average UK call centers they work for 3 years. Attrition rate comes down once the growth equalizes. So rapid growth of industry is the one of the reasons for high rate or attrition. To avoid such issues the company must recruit the experienced employees not only at the management level but also at the new entry level. Company also must be willing to invest in training employees to create responsible managers and team leaders.
Another important issue is the limited growth potential for employees in the company. The company should give more career growth for the employees .They should promote the employees form lower to higher position within the copmany.Indian Industry is having more competitors like china ,Ireland and Philippines. But China cannot compete with India due to the lack of English speaking employees. India can defeat all the competitors it does not mean that Indian industry can sit and take rest. It should be well prepared to face the compitation.It should keep up its value chain without confining itself to low skilled jobs. It must try to maintain its competitive position over the competitors, in terms of quality people, low of cost and favorable environment.
BPO Industry
BPO industry has made a drastic change in India. For the last few years the country has been growing in its social, economic and political region with the strong influence of information technology and globalisation.The vast development of this Industry is due to the liberalization of telecom in 1994.In the early 1990's only India became familiar with the BPO industry. But now India has been highly influenced by the BPO Industry.
The various services provided by the BPO Industry are,Telemarketing,customer care, Technical support,Insurence and Data processing,Interent etc.Industry is recruiting immense number of employees in all these fields and offers high salary to them. As a result more people are attracted towards this Industry. This man power is one of the reasons for the growth of Industsry.BPO call centre has emerged largely in every nook and corner of the country with lots of job offers.Nowadys all call centers became an addiction to the youngsters, as an easy way of earning.
Apart from offering jobs, company offers good working enviorntment, excellent benefits and attractive salary. Due to these factors all the youngsters are coming forward to join in call centers. This helped them to become self reliant and inculcate the habit of earning. More over the training offered by the company to develop their product knowledge, communication skill, personality has also made some change in attitude and thinking. It helped them to improve their personality and communication skill.
Employees can develop their knowledge depending on the fields they are working for and it helps them to improve their technical knowledge .As all the companies are serving the foreign countries, it helps them to learn foreign languages and understand their culture. To a certain extent this culture influenced their life and made a drastic change in their life style. This new out look of life help them to live under any kind of circumstances. As a result they can easily face any harsh and hard realities of life. In fact the emergence of BPO industry has made drastic changes in Indians life.
BPO industry has made a drastic change in India. For the last few years the country has been growing in its social, economic and political region with the strong influence of information technology and globalisation.The vast development of this Industry is due to the liberalization of telecom in 1994.In the early 1990's only India became familiar with the BPO industry. But now India has been highly influenced by the BPO Industry.
The various services provided by the BPO Industry are,Telemarketing,customer care, Technical support,Insurence and Data processing,Interent etc.Industry is recruiting immense number of employees in all these fields and offers high salary to them. As a result more people are attracted towards this Industry. This man power is one of the reasons for the growth of Industsry.BPO call centre has emerged largely in every nook and corner of the country with lots of job offers.Nowadys all call centers became an addiction to the youngsters, as an easy way of earning.
Apart from offering jobs, company offers good working enviorntment, excellent benefits and attractive salary. Due to these factors all the youngsters are coming forward to join in call centers. This helped them to become self reliant and inculcate the habit of earning. More over the training offered by the company to develop their product knowledge, communication skill, personality has also made some change in attitude and thinking. It helped them to improve their personality and communication skill.
Employees can develop their knowledge depending on the fields they are working for and it helps them to improve their technical knowledge .As all the companies are serving the foreign countries, it helps them to learn foreign languages and understand their culture. To a certain extent this culture influenced their life and made a drastic change in their life style. This new out look of life help them to live under any kind of circumstances. As a result they can easily face any harsh and hard realities of life. In fact the emergence of BPO industry has made drastic changes in Indians life.
Telephone Etiquette for BPO Industry
Success of a company lies in the good relationship with their customer. Agents are the representative of the company and they must have the ability to build up a strong relationship with their customer. Agent is the person who gives good impression for the company so they must be very careful while handling their customer.
Try to open the call with the greeting depending on the time. While you talk show more empathy that can please them. The customer can not see you so through your voice they should get a clear picture of you. You must have the ability to impress them through your voice. Ask what help you can do for them. After hearing their queries give assurance that always you are here for helping them. This will make them to believe your words and they will have the confidence that you can solve their problem. The first and foremost thing is to win their confidence and attention. If you can, no doubt that will brighten your career.
Be careful not to make any interruption while you converse with them. Give other person more time to speak, and use words like "yes sir'',"of course”,” really" in a sincere way .This give them an impression that you are very interested to solve their problem. There must be proper interaction between the agent and the customer. If they ask any question try to give the answer on the spot. Don’t make any delay for replying or else it makes them boring and there is a chance of call dropping. If so it inversely affects the performance of the agent.
When you attend a call your voice should be very calm and try to speak very clearly. Don’t give your customer a chance to underestimate you. Try to give proper solution for their queries and make them happy. A satisfied customer will be a great asset for the company. It is your duty to satisfy them otherwise they will complain about your service. If any customer speaks very rudely, you must have the control over your talk. Be quite and let them speak first then try to convince them using emphathetical words. So you can satisfy an irate customer showing empathy towards them. If a customer is dissatisfied with your service it is your duty to send him back with full satisfaction.
In call centers team leader or quality analyst will be there to monitor the receiving calls. If you misbehave with the customer they can easily identify it and that will be black mark for your performances. So be careful while handling the calls. If you can not handle certain calls transfer the calls or seek the help of supervisor. Don’t forget to keep him on hold, while you ask for help. Before keeping your customer on hold you must ask his or her permission and say thanks after getting the permission. If you need some more time to solve their problems give a promise that you will arrange a call back. But don't forget to keep your promise.
The agents must be capable of giving answer for all types of queries. He or she must have a good communication skill and the ability to convince the customer. While attending a call agent should speak loudly and clearly for avoiding repetitions. To avoid negative comments from the customer, agents must be very careful while handling the calls.
While you talk with customer try to give them more respect and care. A rude behavior itself can provoke them and that will end in great loss. You will be the responsible person for the missing of a valuable customer. Remember the progress and the profit of the company is in your hand.
Success of a company lies in the good relationship with their customer. Agents are the representative of the company and they must have the ability to build up a strong relationship with their customer. Agent is the person who gives good impression for the company so they must be very careful while handling their customer.
Try to open the call with the greeting depending on the time. While you talk show more empathy that can please them. The customer can not see you so through your voice they should get a clear picture of you. You must have the ability to impress them through your voice. Ask what help you can do for them. After hearing their queries give assurance that always you are here for helping them. This will make them to believe your words and they will have the confidence that you can solve their problem. The first and foremost thing is to win their confidence and attention. If you can, no doubt that will brighten your career.
Be careful not to make any interruption while you converse with them. Give other person more time to speak, and use words like "yes sir'',"of course”,” really" in a sincere way .This give them an impression that you are very interested to solve their problem. There must be proper interaction between the agent and the customer. If they ask any question try to give the answer on the spot. Don’t make any delay for replying or else it makes them boring and there is a chance of call dropping. If so it inversely affects the performance of the agent.
When you attend a call your voice should be very calm and try to speak very clearly. Don’t give your customer a chance to underestimate you. Try to give proper solution for their queries and make them happy. A satisfied customer will be a great asset for the company. It is your duty to satisfy them otherwise they will complain about your service. If any customer speaks very rudely, you must have the control over your talk. Be quite and let them speak first then try to convince them using emphathetical words. So you can satisfy an irate customer showing empathy towards them. If a customer is dissatisfied with your service it is your duty to send him back with full satisfaction.
In call centers team leader or quality analyst will be there to monitor the receiving calls. If you misbehave with the customer they can easily identify it and that will be black mark for your performances. So be careful while handling the calls. If you can not handle certain calls transfer the calls or seek the help of supervisor. Don’t forget to keep him on hold, while you ask for help. Before keeping your customer on hold you must ask his or her permission and say thanks after getting the permission. If you need some more time to solve their problems give a promise that you will arrange a call back. But don't forget to keep your promise.
The agents must be capable of giving answer for all types of queries. He or she must have a good communication skill and the ability to convince the customer. While attending a call agent should speak loudly and clearly for avoiding repetitions. To avoid negative comments from the customer, agents must be very careful while handling the calls.
While you talk with customer try to give them more respect and care. A rude behavior itself can provoke them and that will end in great loss. You will be the responsible person for the missing of a valuable customer. Remember the progress and the profit of the company is in your hand.
Booming Financial services BPO
The global sub prime crisis will force financial institution to offshore more work to cut cost. Business Process Outsourcing BPO from the financial services sector will increase 40 to 45 times the current market size over the next five years, with key drivers of growth coming from cost pressures and the timely advent of more vertical specific offerings by offshore suppliers, predicts the Everest Research Institute.
Within five years, the Institute projects that the addressable opportunity for global BPO by the financial services sector will reach USD145 to 165 billion for India based services, the hub of global sourcing for financial services. The report also projects offshore BPO adoption in the insurance sector will grow 12 to 15 times during the same time period.
The current financial crisis in the U.S. markets is accelerating interest across stakeholders to understand adoption trends and opportunity areas in offshoring, among other cost containment measures, said Nikhil Rajpal, Vice President, Global Services of Everest Research Institute. Banks and other financial services firms are under significant cost-reduction pressure, which is why a large number of firms plan to reduce headcount in Western geographies and move jobs offshore.
The financial services industry, comprised of banking, capital markets and insurance, is the leading adopter of offshoring services and accounts for 40 to 45 percent of worldwide global sourcing.
As per the study analysis of vertical specific BPO functions, the largest untapped opportunities in banking are specialization in transaction processing, account servicing and credit card fraud management. In the insurance sector, the largest untapped opportunities include policy servicing, customer service, finance and accounting, new business acquisition and claims processing.
The global sub prime crisis will force financial institution to offshore more work to cut cost. Business Process Outsourcing BPO from the financial services sector will increase 40 to 45 times the current market size over the next five years, with key drivers of growth coming from cost pressures and the timely advent of more vertical specific offerings by offshore suppliers, predicts the Everest Research Institute.
Within five years, the Institute projects that the addressable opportunity for global BPO by the financial services sector will reach USD145 to 165 billion for India based services, the hub of global sourcing for financial services. The report also projects offshore BPO adoption in the insurance sector will grow 12 to 15 times during the same time period.
The current financial crisis in the U.S. markets is accelerating interest across stakeholders to understand adoption trends and opportunity areas in offshoring, among other cost containment measures, said Nikhil Rajpal, Vice President, Global Services of Everest Research Institute. Banks and other financial services firms are under significant cost-reduction pressure, which is why a large number of firms plan to reduce headcount in Western geographies and move jobs offshore.
The financial services industry, comprised of banking, capital markets and insurance, is the leading adopter of offshoring services and accounts for 40 to 45 percent of worldwide global sourcing.
As per the study analysis of vertical specific BPO functions, the largest untapped opportunities in banking are specialization in transaction processing, account servicing and credit card fraud management. In the insurance sector, the largest untapped opportunities include policy servicing, customer service, finance and accounting, new business acquisition and claims processing.
Offshoring
Offshoring is a type of outsourcing. Offshoring simply means having the outsourced business functions done in another country. Frequently, work is offshored in order to reduce labor expenses. Other times, the reasons for offshoring are strategic -- to enter new markets, to tap talent currently unavailable domestically or to overcome regulations that prevent specific activities domestically.
India has emerged as the dominant player in offshoring, particularly in software work. Three factors came into play to make this possible. First, in the 1970s the Indian government put in place regulations that mandated that all foreign ventures have Indian majority ownership. Fearing government takeover, many large U.S. corporations, such as IBM, departed, leaving India in the position of fending for itself to maintain its technical infrastructures. This quickly forced the creation of schools to train students in technology.
Next came the global ubiquity of the Internet and massive telecommunications capacity, which enabled companies to get computer-based work done seemingly anywhere, including India.
Third, as the year 1998 approached, organizations hired service providers to update their legacy program code. Much of this work was handled in India, where English was commonly spoken, where there was a large and highly trained population of software engineers, and where labor costs were much lower than in developed countries. Y2K work proved the merits of an offshore labor force, and companies have continued tapping the talents and skills (and cost savings) made available by Indian offshore service providers. Major companies working as offshoring service providers in India include Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), Infosys and Wipro.Russia, Ireland, Czechoslovakia and Poland have also surfaced as popular offshoring destinations for specific types of software expertise.
The Philippines, which has a highly literate and educated population, as well as language and cultural affinities with the United States, has become a popular offshoring region for call center and customer support work.
The dominant location for much of the manufacturing outsourcing (in the form of offshoring) by U.S. companies is China, which has made a push in recent years to also become a provider of services. The Chinese central government has made the "third industry" -- services -- a priority for its national development plans in the coming decades. English is taught in China starting in the third grade and its technical schools and colleges graduate tens of thousands of software engineers annually.
Both the potential for negative publicity and concerns about data security and privacy have prevented some companies from taking work offshore. However, that doesn't always prevent them from outsourcing. Rural sourcing -- having work done in domestic locations where salaries and operating expenses are lower (such as the Midwest for the United States) -- is an alternative for companies that want to avoid the negative aspects of offshoring.
Offshoring is a type of outsourcing. Offshoring simply means having the outsourced business functions done in another country. Frequently, work is offshored in order to reduce labor expenses. Other times, the reasons for offshoring are strategic -- to enter new markets, to tap talent currently unavailable domestically or to overcome regulations that prevent specific activities domestically.
India has emerged as the dominant player in offshoring, particularly in software work. Three factors came into play to make this possible. First, in the 1970s the Indian government put in place regulations that mandated that all foreign ventures have Indian majority ownership. Fearing government takeover, many large U.S. corporations, such as IBM, departed, leaving India in the position of fending for itself to maintain its technical infrastructures. This quickly forced the creation of schools to train students in technology.
Next came the global ubiquity of the Internet and massive telecommunications capacity, which enabled companies to get computer-based work done seemingly anywhere, including India.
Third, as the year 1998 approached, organizations hired service providers to update their legacy program code. Much of this work was handled in India, where English was commonly spoken, where there was a large and highly trained population of software engineers, and where labor costs were much lower than in developed countries. Y2K work proved the merits of an offshore labor force, and companies have continued tapping the talents and skills (and cost savings) made available by Indian offshore service providers. Major companies working as offshoring service providers in India include Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), Infosys and Wipro.Russia, Ireland, Czechoslovakia and Poland have also surfaced as popular offshoring destinations for specific types of software expertise.
The Philippines, which has a highly literate and educated population, as well as language and cultural affinities with the United States, has become a popular offshoring region for call center and customer support work.
The dominant location for much of the manufacturing outsourcing (in the form of offshoring) by U.S. companies is China, which has made a push in recent years to also become a provider of services. The Chinese central government has made the "third industry" -- services -- a priority for its national development plans in the coming decades. English is taught in China starting in the third grade and its technical schools and colleges graduate tens of thousands of software engineers annually.
Both the potential for negative publicity and concerns about data security and privacy have prevented some companies from taking work offshore. However, that doesn't always prevent them from outsourcing. Rural sourcing -- having work done in domestic locations where salaries and operating expenses are lower (such as the Midwest for the United States) -- is an alternative for companies that want to avoid the negative aspects of offshoring.
Voice and Accent Training
Voice and accent training is a growing avenue with BPO companies (Business Process Outsourcing). Also referred to as call centers, these companies exist in all sectors of business including banking, utilities, manufacturing, security, market research, pharmaceuticals, catalogue sales, credit collections and airline/hotel reservations etc.
A call centre is a service centre with telecom facilities, access to internet and wide database, which provide voice based or web-based information and support to customers in the country or abroad through trained personnel. The types of services in this industry are -- Inbound and Outbound voice.
The call centre services can be 'inbound' where in calls are received from customers enquiring about a service or product that an organization provides. The call centre services can be 'outbound' where in calls are made to customers to sell products or collect information / money etc. Call centre services can also be 'specialized' where in calls are made from one company to another company.
The career avenues provided here is one of the best suited and growing options which even a fresher can opt for. It is a good option for senior secondary pass students or fresh college graduates as well as housewives and retired people.
Voice and accent training is a growing avenue with BPO companies (Business Process Outsourcing). Also referred to as call centers, these companies exist in all sectors of business including banking, utilities, manufacturing, security, market research, pharmaceuticals, catalogue sales, credit collections and airline/hotel reservations etc.
A call centre is a service centre with telecom facilities, access to internet and wide database, which provide voice based or web-based information and support to customers in the country or abroad through trained personnel. The types of services in this industry are -- Inbound and Outbound voice.
The call centre services can be 'inbound' where in calls are received from customers enquiring about a service or product that an organization provides. The call centre services can be 'outbound' where in calls are made to customers to sell products or collect information / money etc. Call centre services can also be 'specialized' where in calls are made from one company to another company.
The career avenues provided here is one of the best suited and growing options which even a fresher can opt for. It is a good option for senior secondary pass students or fresh college graduates as well as housewives and retired people.
Voice peering
Voice peering is a process that is utilized today to route audio call signals from one point of service to another, using the Internet as the means of transmission. Sometimes referred to as VoIP peering, the routing of the signal bypasses the traditional PSTN, or Public Switching Telephone Network. The end result is a signal that is considered to have a high level of sound quality without the generation of a high cost to the originator of the call.
The general fabric of a voice peering process can occur in one of two ways. First, the signal is routed through a private network. Any service providers who are connected to the private network can complete the connection with any other providers who are also connected with the network, essentially creating what could be referred to as an “on to on” connection via the network. This is known as a Layer 2 process in voice peering fabric or VPF.
A second means of initiating voice peering involves the use of an open network. In this scenario, there is one central service provider that handles the routing at both the point of origin and the point of termination. The signal does not jump from one carrier to another. This approach is known as a Layer 5 process.
There are two benefits of voice peering. First, there is the cost factor. Use of voice peering eliminates the need to incur long distance charges when initiating an audio call outside the local calling area. This means people who live in different parts of the world can communicate freely without worries of running up a large phone bill.
Second, the sound clarity on a connection made via voice peering is usually of very high quality. This is not always true with other platforms of audio calls, especially when the signal is routed through a number of switches operated by different carriers. With voice peering, the quality of the call is often so high that the participants have a sense of calling across town rather than across the country or to an international location.
Voice peering is a process that is utilized today to route audio call signals from one point of service to another, using the Internet as the means of transmission. Sometimes referred to as VoIP peering, the routing of the signal bypasses the traditional PSTN, or Public Switching Telephone Network. The end result is a signal that is considered to have a high level of sound quality without the generation of a high cost to the originator of the call.
The general fabric of a voice peering process can occur in one of two ways. First, the signal is routed through a private network. Any service providers who are connected to the private network can complete the connection with any other providers who are also connected with the network, essentially creating what could be referred to as an “on to on” connection via the network. This is known as a Layer 2 process in voice peering fabric or VPF.
A second means of initiating voice peering involves the use of an open network. In this scenario, there is one central service provider that handles the routing at both the point of origin and the point of termination. The signal does not jump from one carrier to another. This approach is known as a Layer 5 process.
There are two benefits of voice peering. First, there is the cost factor. Use of voice peering eliminates the need to incur long distance charges when initiating an audio call outside the local calling area. This means people who live in different parts of the world can communicate freely without worries of running up a large phone bill.
Second, the sound clarity on a connection made via voice peering is usually of very high quality. This is not always true with other platforms of audio calls, especially when the signal is routed through a number of switches operated by different carriers. With voice peering, the quality of the call is often so high that the participants have a sense of calling across town rather than across the country or to an international location.
Advantages of BPO
An important aspect of business process outsourcing is its ability to free corporate executives from some of their day-to-day process management responsibilities. Once a process is successfully outsourced, they get more time to, explore new revenue streams, accelerate other projects, and focus on their customers.
By outsourcing their back office operations to third world countries, companies have the following advantages: Achieve cost reductions – this is made possible through process improvements, reengineering, and use of technologies that reduce and bring administrative and other costs under control.
Key in on company's main business – with the day-to-day back office operations taken care of, the management is free to impart more time to building the company's core businesses. Obtain outside expertise – Rather than recruiting and training personnel, BPO ensures that domain experts from another company provide the needed guidance and skills.
Meet constantly changing customer demands – many BPO vendors provide the management with flexible and scalable services to meet the customers’ changing requirements, and to support company acquisitions, consolidations, and joint ventures
Achieving revenue increases – by outsourcing non-core processes, companies can focus on increasing their sales and marketshare, develop new products, expand into new markets, and enhance customer service and satisfactions.
An important aspect of business process outsourcing is its ability to free corporate executives from some of their day-to-day process management responsibilities. Once a process is successfully outsourced, they get more time to, explore new revenue streams, accelerate other projects, and focus on their customers.
By outsourcing their back office operations to third world countries, companies have the following advantages: Achieve cost reductions – this is made possible through process improvements, reengineering, and use of technologies that reduce and bring administrative and other costs under control.
Key in on company's main business – with the day-to-day back office operations taken care of, the management is free to impart more time to building the company's core businesses. Obtain outside expertise – Rather than recruiting and training personnel, BPO ensures that domain experts from another company provide the needed guidance and skills.
Meet constantly changing customer demands – many BPO vendors provide the management with flexible and scalable services to meet the customers’ changing requirements, and to support company acquisitions, consolidations, and joint ventures
Achieving revenue increases – by outsourcing non-core processes, companies can focus on increasing their sales and marketshare, develop new products, expand into new markets, and enhance customer service and satisfactions.
Payroll Outsourcing
Payroll is generally processed in-house either manually or with the help of payroll software. Payroll outsourcing is getting this task done thru an external service provider. Tax print is the service provider that can take care of your payroll processing needs.
Payroll is the process of paying employees for services rendered, after processing of the various requirements for withholding of money from the employee salary for payment of payroll taxes, insurance premiums, employee benefits, garnishments and other deductions.
Every payroll outsourcing assignment involves month-to-month calculation of salary, TDS working, computation of legal dues for PF, ESIC, Professional tax etc. At the end of payroll processing each employee needs to be given pay slip and accounts department need to be given salary register, legal payment sheet and several MIS reports. Periodical legal reports are also taken care by the payroll
Apart from the above, some additional tasks can be performed by payroll processor e.g. reimbursement management, scrutiny of investments proofs, liaison with PF / ESIC authorities for various forms submissions etc. When signing a contract for payroll processing, the scope of work is mutually agreed between the company and the payroll processor.
Payroll is generally processed in-house either manually or with the help of payroll software. Payroll outsourcing is getting this task done thru an external service provider. Tax print is the service provider that can take care of your payroll processing needs.
Payroll is the process of paying employees for services rendered, after processing of the various requirements for withholding of money from the employee salary for payment of payroll taxes, insurance premiums, employee benefits, garnishments and other deductions.
Every payroll outsourcing assignment involves month-to-month calculation of salary, TDS working, computation of legal dues for PF, ESIC, Professional tax etc. At the end of payroll processing each employee needs to be given pay slip and accounts department need to be given salary register, legal payment sheet and several MIS reports. Periodical legal reports are also taken care by the payroll
Apart from the above, some additional tasks can be performed by payroll processor e.g. reimbursement management, scrutiny of investments proofs, liaison with PF / ESIC authorities for various forms submissions etc. When signing a contract for payroll processing, the scope of work is mutually agreed between the company and the payroll processor.
LPO
Legal Process Outsourcing in India achieves its current share of 3-4 percent to 6-7 percent in the USD 250 billion global market by 2010. According the Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry (ASSOCHAM), more than 200 top US companies are looking for offshore locations towards achieving saving of 30-70 percent.
Report says that by early 2006, there have been over 400 professionals engaged in providing patent services such as literature searches, prior-art searches, technology and patent ability assessment, patent claim mapping, etc, from India. There are over 600 patent agents registered with the Indian
Patent Office in India and about 300 Intellectual Property professionals who are non-registered. The Chamber says, India is already known for its large and increasing pool of quality engineering graduates, many of who are being attracted to the patent services segment of legal BPO.
According to a news agency report about one-third of these 900 professionals currently provide patent services to European and American end clients, and this number is likely to double to 1,800-2,000 by 2010. A report by Evalueserve predicts that India will capture more than 70 percent of the KPO sector by 2010. Apart from India, countries such as Russia, China, the Czech Republic, Ireland, and Israel are also expected to join the KPO industry.
Legal Process Outsourcing in India achieves its current share of 3-4 percent to 6-7 percent in the USD 250 billion global market by 2010. According the Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry (ASSOCHAM), more than 200 top US companies are looking for offshore locations towards achieving saving of 30-70 percent.
Report says that by early 2006, there have been over 400 professionals engaged in providing patent services such as literature searches, prior-art searches, technology and patent ability assessment, patent claim mapping, etc, from India. There are over 600 patent agents registered with the Indian
Patent Office in India and about 300 Intellectual Property professionals who are non-registered. The Chamber says, India is already known for its large and increasing pool of quality engineering graduates, many of who are being attracted to the patent services segment of legal BPO.
According to a news agency report about one-third of these 900 professionals currently provide patent services to European and American end clients, and this number is likely to double to 1,800-2,000 by 2010. A report by Evalueserve predicts that India will capture more than 70 percent of the KPO sector by 2010. Apart from India, countries such as Russia, China, the Czech Republic, Ireland, and Israel are also expected to join the KPO industry.
Transaction Processing
Organizations typically face the onerous task of processing innumerable transactions resulting in the need to generate and document multiple forms in an organized accessible manner. This task, though critical, is time consuming and forces and organizations to devote manpower and time to activities, which are not necessarily their core business.
Our Transactions & Forms processing solution ensures that your organization's manpower is free to contribute toward your core business. We undertake complete back-end transactions & forms processing for organizations.
Our solution deploys software with ICR (Intelligent Character Recognition) capabilities which auto corrects from most common to rare keyboarding errors. Ficus guarantees up to 99.5% error free forms processing, enabling you to free your resources and cut down in-house administrative costs substantially.
Transaction processing allows multiple individual operations to be linked together automatically as a single, indivisible transaction. The transaction-processing system ensures that either all operations in a transaction are completed without error, or none of them are. If some of the operations are completed but errors occur when the others are attempted, the transaction-processing system “rolls back” all of the operations of the transaction (including the successful ones), thereby erasing all traces of the transaction and restoring the system to the consistent, known state that it was in before processing of the transaction began.
Organizations typically face the onerous task of processing innumerable transactions resulting in the need to generate and document multiple forms in an organized accessible manner. This task, though critical, is time consuming and forces and organizations to devote manpower and time to activities, which are not necessarily their core business.
Our Transactions & Forms processing solution ensures that your organization's manpower is free to contribute toward your core business. We undertake complete back-end transactions & forms processing for organizations.
Our solution deploys software with ICR (Intelligent Character Recognition) capabilities which auto corrects from most common to rare keyboarding errors. Ficus guarantees up to 99.5% error free forms processing, enabling you to free your resources and cut down in-house administrative costs substantially.
Transaction processing allows multiple individual operations to be linked together automatically as a single, indivisible transaction. The transaction-processing system ensures that either all operations in a transaction are completed without error, or none of them are. If some of the operations are completed but errors occur when the others are attempted, the transaction-processing system “rolls back” all of the operations of the transaction (including the successful ones), thereby erasing all traces of the transaction and restoring the system to the consistent, known state that it was in before processing of the transaction began.
Data Processing
Large organizations often have high volume of data managed through computerized system. With ever changing and improving business and technology practices, there arises the requirement to transform data into different format than the current one.
Be in complete control by cost, accuracy and quality with Data Processing Services by Abacus Data Systems. With the offshore facility located in India, mature process understanding and dedication towards quality makes Abacus Data Systems the ideal choice for every kind of data processing projects.
Our flexibility allows us to work with any size and shape of organization as well as any kind of requirements for data processing. Data Systems offers high volume data processing as well as long term outsourced data processing.
Do you have large volumes of unorganized data in your organization? You wouldn’t even realize how they slowly start affecting the functioning of your business and distort your decision making. Data processing becomes imperative to bring in accurate information systems into your organization.
Data Systems offers Data Processing Services such as Formatting of Data like Mailing list, Forums etc scanning from hard copies, Microfilm, Microfiche & Com fiche Database Creation and Upgradation Data Mining Data Cleansing, Information Verification and Conversion.
Large organizations often have high volume of data managed through computerized system. With ever changing and improving business and technology practices, there arises the requirement to transform data into different format than the current one.
Be in complete control by cost, accuracy and quality with Data Processing Services by Abacus Data Systems. With the offshore facility located in India, mature process understanding and dedication towards quality makes Abacus Data Systems the ideal choice for every kind of data processing projects.
Our flexibility allows us to work with any size and shape of organization as well as any kind of requirements for data processing. Data Systems offers high volume data processing as well as long term outsourced data processing.
Do you have large volumes of unorganized data in your organization? You wouldn’t even realize how they slowly start affecting the functioning of your business and distort your decision making. Data processing becomes imperative to bring in accurate information systems into your organization.
Data Systems offers Data Processing Services such as Formatting of Data like Mailing list, Forums etc scanning from hard copies, Microfilm, Microfiche & Com fiche Database Creation and Upgradation Data Mining Data Cleansing, Information Verification and Conversion.
Form Processing
Forms processing refers to a service where data from different fields of entry is extracted and converted into electronic formats. This electronic data can be stored in a secure location and accessed from multiple locations. Our forms processing services can help you store large volumes of critical data efficiently and securely.
At Outsource2india, we have a powerful form reader tool which is capable of recognizing and processing manually entered data by using a high speed scanner. This scanner is 99% accurate and can process around 2500 words a minute. In the second method we will design an automatic form input system, collect and analyze the data from this form input system.
We pride an expertise in both types of form processing, structured and non-structured. We have carried out form processing for clients with a variety of business processes. The workforce at Outsource2india is capable of working with different formats of data like HTML, CGI, ASP, JSP and PHP.
We also follow a methodic procedure to ensure that our clients are well aware of our operational efficiency.
Initially we analyze your business process and suggest a form processing method to suit your business requirements. Once the analysis is complete we initiate the form processing procedure either through our form reader tool or by designing an electronic form which can collect, collate and generate reports. We are also flexible to make changes to your form interface and database collection methods on the fly. The changes will be thoroughly tested before the final implementation. Constant quality checks and tool testing practices ensure consistency in the entire form processing service
Forms processing refers to a service where data from different fields of entry is extracted and converted into electronic formats. This electronic data can be stored in a secure location and accessed from multiple locations. Our forms processing services can help you store large volumes of critical data efficiently and securely.
At Outsource2india, we have a powerful form reader tool which is capable of recognizing and processing manually entered data by using a high speed scanner. This scanner is 99% accurate and can process around 2500 words a minute. In the second method we will design an automatic form input system, collect and analyze the data from this form input system.
We pride an expertise in both types of form processing, structured and non-structured. We have carried out form processing for clients with a variety of business processes. The workforce at Outsource2india is capable of working with different formats of data like HTML, CGI, ASP, JSP and PHP.
We also follow a methodic procedure to ensure that our clients are well aware of our operational efficiency.
Initially we analyze your business process and suggest a form processing method to suit your business requirements. Once the analysis is complete we initiate the form processing procedure either through our form reader tool or by designing an electronic form which can collect, collate and generate reports. We are also flexible to make changes to your form interface and database collection methods on the fly. The changes will be thoroughly tested before the final implementation. Constant quality checks and tool testing practices ensure consistency in the entire form processing service
Outsource Check Processing Services
Processing checks from various business transactions is a tedious assignment for any organization. More often than not, errors creep in and affect the relationships with various stakeholders.
Outsourcing check processing may just be the solution you are looking for – it frees you of the administrative and management responsibilities involved in the process. Leave your check processing functions to Outsource2india, while you enjoy a time and cost advantage.
Among all services that are being outsourced to India, financial and accounting services continue to grow by huge numbers year on year. With highly qualified resources, scaled infrastructure and the necessary processes in place, you can bet on India to take up your check processing and other requirements with ease and deliver it beyond your expectations.
We have a concentric team of trained and qualified personnel who will work with you in your check processing requirements. Constant communication and reporting ensures that we work with you in reaching your objectives.
Cost savings due to the reduction in overheads, staff salaries and management & administrative costs. Time difference between India and other countries means – while you sleep, we work. This helps in faster turnaround times.
Processing checks from various business transactions is a tedious assignment for any organization. More often than not, errors creep in and affect the relationships with various stakeholders.
Outsourcing check processing may just be the solution you are looking for – it frees you of the administrative and management responsibilities involved in the process. Leave your check processing functions to Outsource2india, while you enjoy a time and cost advantage.
Among all services that are being outsourced to India, financial and accounting services continue to grow by huge numbers year on year. With highly qualified resources, scaled infrastructure and the necessary processes in place, you can bet on India to take up your check processing and other requirements with ease and deliver it beyond your expectations.
We have a concentric team of trained and qualified personnel who will work with you in your check processing requirements. Constant communication and reporting ensures that we work with you in reaching your objectives.
Cost savings due to the reduction in overheads, staff salaries and management & administrative costs. Time difference between India and other countries means – while you sleep, we work. This helps in faster turnaround times.
Population Trends
Population trends affect employment opportunities in a Number of ways. First of all, changes in the size and composition of the population influence the demand for goods
And services--for example, the population aged 85 and over will grow more than three times as fast as the total population between 1990 and 1998, increasing the demand for health services. Equally important, population changes produce corresponding changes in the size and characteristics of the labor force.
The U.S. civilian noninstitutional population aged 16 and over, is expected to grow more slowly over the next 15 years than it did during the previous 15-year period, increasing from about 188 million to 218 million. However, even slower population growth will increase the demand for goods and services, as well as the demand for workers in many occupations and industries.
The age structure will shift toward relatively fewer children and youth and a growing proportion of middle-aged and older people well into the 21st century. The decline in the proportion of children and youth reflects the lower birth rates hat prevailed during the 1970's and 1980's; the impending large increase in the middle-aged population reflects the aging of the "baby boom" generation born after World War II; and the very rapid growth in the number of old people is attributable to high birth rates prior to the Great Depression of the 1930's, together with improvements in medical technology that have made it possible for most Americans to survive into old age.
Population growth varies greatly among geographic regions, affecting the demand for goods and services and, in turn, workers in various occupations and industries. Between 1980 and1990, the population of the Midwest and the Northeast grew by only 1.4 percent and 3.4 percent, respectively, compared with13.4 percent in the South and 22.2 percent in the West. These differences reflect the movement of people seeking new jobs or retiring, as well as higher birth rates in some areas than in others.
Population trends affect employment opportunities in a Number of ways. First of all, changes in the size and composition of the population influence the demand for goods
And services--for example, the population aged 85 and over will grow more than three times as fast as the total population between 1990 and 1998, increasing the demand for health services. Equally important, population changes produce corresponding changes in the size and characteristics of the labor force.
The U.S. civilian noninstitutional population aged 16 and over, is expected to grow more slowly over the next 15 years than it did during the previous 15-year period, increasing from about 188 million to 218 million. However, even slower population growth will increase the demand for goods and services, as well as the demand for workers in many occupations and industries.
The age structure will shift toward relatively fewer children and youth and a growing proportion of middle-aged and older people well into the 21st century. The decline in the proportion of children and youth reflects the lower birth rates hat prevailed during the 1970's and 1980's; the impending large increase in the middle-aged population reflects the aging of the "baby boom" generation born after World War II; and the very rapid growth in the number of old people is attributable to high birth rates prior to the Great Depression of the 1930's, together with improvements in medical technology that have made it possible for most Americans to survive into old age.
Population growth varies greatly among geographic regions, affecting the demand for goods and services and, in turn, workers in various occupations and industries. Between 1980 and1990, the population of the Midwest and the Northeast grew by only 1.4 percent and 3.4 percent, respectively, compared with13.4 percent in the South and 22.2 percent in the West. These differences reflect the movement of people seeking new jobs or retiring, as well as higher birth rates in some areas than in others.
Computer
A programmable machine.The two principal characteristics of a computer are it responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner, it can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (a program) Modern computers are electronic and digital. The actual machinery -- wires, transistors, and circuits -- is called hardware the instructions and data are called software.
All general-purpose computers require the following hardware components. Memory enables a computer to store, at least temporarily, data and programs. Mass storage device allows a computer to permanently retain large amounts of data. Common mass storage devices include disk drives and tape drives. Input device usually a keyboard and mouse, the input device is the conduit through which data and instructions enter a computer. Output device a display screen, printer, or other device that lets you see what the computer has accomplished. Central processing unit (CPU) The heart of the computer, this is the component that actually executes instructions.
In addition to these components, many others make it possible for the basic components to work together efficiently. For example, every computer requires a bus that transmits data from one part of the computer to another.
Computers can be generally classified by size and power as follows, though there is considerable overlap: personal computer a small, single-user computer based on a microprocessor. In addition to the microprocessor, a personal computer has a keyboard for entering data, a monitor for displaying information, and a storage device for saving data. Workstation A powerful, single-user computer.
A workstation is like a personal computer, but it has a more powerful microprocessor and a higher-quality monitor. Minicomputer a multi-user computer capable of supporting from 10 to hundreds of users simultaneously. Mainframe A powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting many hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously. Supercomputer An extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of millions of instructions per second.
A programmable machine.The two principal characteristics of a computer are it responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner, it can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (a program) Modern computers are electronic and digital. The actual machinery -- wires, transistors, and circuits -- is called hardware the instructions and data are called software.
All general-purpose computers require the following hardware components. Memory enables a computer to store, at least temporarily, data and programs. Mass storage device allows a computer to permanently retain large amounts of data. Common mass storage devices include disk drives and tape drives. Input device usually a keyboard and mouse, the input device is the conduit through which data and instructions enter a computer. Output device a display screen, printer, or other device that lets you see what the computer has accomplished. Central processing unit (CPU) The heart of the computer, this is the component that actually executes instructions.
In addition to these components, many others make it possible for the basic components to work together efficiently. For example, every computer requires a bus that transmits data from one part of the computer to another.
Computers can be generally classified by size and power as follows, though there is considerable overlap: personal computer a small, single-user computer based on a microprocessor. In addition to the microprocessor, a personal computer has a keyboard for entering data, a monitor for displaying information, and a storage device for saving data. Workstation A powerful, single-user computer.
A workstation is like a personal computer, but it has a more powerful microprocessor and a higher-quality monitor. Minicomputer a multi-user computer capable of supporting from 10 to hundreds of users simultaneously. Mainframe A powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting many hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously. Supercomputer An extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of millions of instructions per second.
Software
Software is the general term for information that's recorded onto some kind of medium. For example, when you go to the video store and rent or buy a tape or DVD, what you're really getting is the software that's stored on that tape or disk. Your VCR or DVD player are hardware devices that are capable of reading the software from a tape or disk and projecting it onto your TV screen, in the form of a movie.
Your computer is a hardware device that reads software too. Most of the software on your computer comes in the form of programs. A program consists of "instructions" that tell the computer what to do, how to behave. Just as there are thousands of albums you can buy on CD for your stereo, and thousands of movies you can buy to play on your VCR or DVD player, there are thousands of programs that you can buy to run on your computer.
When you buy a computer, you don't automatically get every program produced by every software company in the world. You usually get some programs. For example, when you buy a computer it will probably have an operating system (like Windows XP) already installed on it.
If you do purchase a specific program, it would be to perform some specific task. For example, you might use a graphics program to touch up photos, or you might use a word processing program to write text. You're using your Web browser program right now to read this text (assuming you're not reading a printed copy on paper). Just as there are umpteen different brands of toothpaste, there are umpteen different brands of word processing programs, graphics programs, and Web browsers.
Software is the general term for information that's recorded onto some kind of medium. For example, when you go to the video store and rent or buy a tape or DVD, what you're really getting is the software that's stored on that tape or disk. Your VCR or DVD player are hardware devices that are capable of reading the software from a tape or disk and projecting it onto your TV screen, in the form of a movie.
Your computer is a hardware device that reads software too. Most of the software on your computer comes in the form of programs. A program consists of "instructions" that tell the computer what to do, how to behave. Just as there are thousands of albums you can buy on CD for your stereo, and thousands of movies you can buy to play on your VCR or DVD player, there are thousands of programs that you can buy to run on your computer.
When you buy a computer, you don't automatically get every program produced by every software company in the world. You usually get some programs. For example, when you buy a computer it will probably have an operating system (like Windows XP) already installed on it.
If you do purchase a specific program, it would be to perform some specific task. For example, you might use a graphics program to touch up photos, or you might use a word processing program to write text. You're using your Web browser program right now to read this text (assuming you're not reading a printed copy on paper). Just as there are umpteen different brands of toothpaste, there are umpteen different brands of word processing programs, graphics programs, and Web browsers.
Hardware
Your PC (Personal Computer) is a system, consisting of many components. Some of those components, like Windows XP, and all your other programs, are software. The stuff you can actually see and touch, and would likely break if you threw it out a fifth-story window, is hardware.
Not everybody has exactly the same hardware. But those of you who have a desktop system, like the example shown in Figure 1, probably have most of the components shown in that same figure. Those of you with notebook computers probably have most of the same components. Only in your case the components are all integrated into a single book-sized portable unit.
The system unit is the actual computer; everything else is called a peripheral device. Your computer's system unit probably has at least one floppy disk drive, and one CD or DVD drive, into which you can insert floppy disks and CDs. There's another disk drive, called the hard disk inside the system unit, as shown in Figure 2. You can't remove that disk, or even see it. But it's there. And everything that's currently "in your computer" is actually stored on that hard disk. (We know this because there is no place else inside the computer where you can store information!).
The floppy drive and CD drive are often referred to as drives with removable media or removable drives for short, because you can remove whatever disk is currently in the drive, and replace it with another. Your computer's hard disk can store as much information as tens of thousands of floppy disks, so don't worry about running out of space on your hard disk any time soon. As a rule, you want to store everything you create or download on your hard disk. Use the floppy disks and CDs to send copies of files through the mail, or to make backup copies of important items.
Your PC (Personal Computer) is a system, consisting of many components. Some of those components, like Windows XP, and all your other programs, are software. The stuff you can actually see and touch, and would likely break if you threw it out a fifth-story window, is hardware.
Not everybody has exactly the same hardware. But those of you who have a desktop system, like the example shown in Figure 1, probably have most of the components shown in that same figure. Those of you with notebook computers probably have most of the same components. Only in your case the components are all integrated into a single book-sized portable unit.
The system unit is the actual computer; everything else is called a peripheral device. Your computer's system unit probably has at least one floppy disk drive, and one CD or DVD drive, into which you can insert floppy disks and CDs. There's another disk drive, called the hard disk inside the system unit, as shown in Figure 2. You can't remove that disk, or even see it. But it's there. And everything that's currently "in your computer" is actually stored on that hard disk. (We know this because there is no place else inside the computer where you can store information!).
The floppy drive and CD drive are often referred to as drives with removable media or removable drives for short, because you can remove whatever disk is currently in the drive, and replace it with another. Your computer's hard disk can store as much information as tens of thousands of floppy disks, so don't worry about running out of space on your hard disk any time soon. As a rule, you want to store everything you create or download on your hard disk. Use the floppy disks and CDs to send copies of files through the mail, or to make backup copies of important items.
Internet
The Internet, sometimes called simply "the Net," is a worldwide system of computer networks - a network of networks in which users at any one computer can, if they have permission, get information from any other computer (and sometimes talk directly to users at other computers). It was conceived by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the U.S. government in 1969 and was first known as the ARPANET. The original aim was to create a network that would allow users of a research computer at one university to be able to "talk to" research computers at other universities. A side benefit of Arpanet’s design was that, because messages could be routed or rerouted in more than one direction, the network could continue to function even if parts of it were destroyed in the event of a military attack or other disaster.
Today, the Internet is a public, cooperative, and self-sustaining facility accessible to hundreds of millions of people worldwide. Physically, the Internet uses a portion of the total resources of the currently existing public telecommunication networks. Technically, what distinguishes the Internet is its use of a set of protocols called TCP/IP (for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol). Two recent adaptations of Internet technology, the intranet and the extranet, also make use of the TCP/IP protocol.
For many Internet users, electronic mail (e-mail) has practically replaced the Postal Service for short written transactions. Electronic mail is the most widely used application on the Net. You can also carry on live "conversations" with other computer users, using Internet Relay Chat (IRC). More recently, Internet telephony hardware and software allows real-time voice conversations.
The most widely used part of the Internet is the World Wide Web (often abbreviated "WWW" or called "the Web"). Its outstanding feature is hypertext, a method of instant cross-referencing. In most Web sites, certain words or phrases appear in text of a different color than the rest; often this text is also underlined. When you select one of these words or phrases, you will be transferred to the site or page that is relevant to this word or phrase. Sometimes there are buttons, images, or portions of images that are "clickable." If you move the pointer over a spot on a Web site and the pointer changes into a hand, this indicates that you can click and be transferred to another site.
Using the Web, you have access to millions of pages of information. Web browsing is done with a Web browser, the most popular of which are Microsoft Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator. The appearance of a particular Web site may vary slightly depending on the browser you use. Also, later versions of a particular browser are able to render more "bells and whistles" such as animation, virtual reality, sound, and music files, than earlier versions.
The Internet, sometimes called simply "the Net," is a worldwide system of computer networks - a network of networks in which users at any one computer can, if they have permission, get information from any other computer (and sometimes talk directly to users at other computers). It was conceived by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the U.S. government in 1969 and was first known as the ARPANET. The original aim was to create a network that would allow users of a research computer at one university to be able to "talk to" research computers at other universities. A side benefit of Arpanet’s design was that, because messages could be routed or rerouted in more than one direction, the network could continue to function even if parts of it were destroyed in the event of a military attack or other disaster.
Today, the Internet is a public, cooperative, and self-sustaining facility accessible to hundreds of millions of people worldwide. Physically, the Internet uses a portion of the total resources of the currently existing public telecommunication networks. Technically, what distinguishes the Internet is its use of a set of protocols called TCP/IP (for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol). Two recent adaptations of Internet technology, the intranet and the extranet, also make use of the TCP/IP protocol.
For many Internet users, electronic mail (e-mail) has practically replaced the Postal Service for short written transactions. Electronic mail is the most widely used application on the Net. You can also carry on live "conversations" with other computer users, using Internet Relay Chat (IRC). More recently, Internet telephony hardware and software allows real-time voice conversations.
The most widely used part of the Internet is the World Wide Web (often abbreviated "WWW" or called "the Web"). Its outstanding feature is hypertext, a method of instant cross-referencing. In most Web sites, certain words or phrases appear in text of a different color than the rest; often this text is also underlined. When you select one of these words or phrases, you will be transferred to the site or page that is relevant to this word or phrase. Sometimes there are buttons, images, or portions of images that are "clickable." If you move the pointer over a spot on a Web site and the pointer changes into a hand, this indicates that you can click and be transferred to another site.
Using the Web, you have access to millions of pages of information. Web browsing is done with a Web browser, the most popular of which are Microsoft Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator. The appearance of a particular Web site may vary slightly depending on the browser you use. Also, later versions of a particular browser are able to render more "bells and whistles" such as animation, virtual reality, sound, and music files, than earlier versions.
Operating System
The most important program that runs on a computer. Every general-purpose computer must have an operating system to run other programs. Operating systems perform basic tasks, such as recognizing input from the keyboard, sending output to the display screen, keeping track of files and directories on the disk, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.
For large systems, the operating system has even greater responsibilities and powers. It is like a traffic cop -- it makes sure that different program and users running at the same time do not interfere with each other. The operating system is also responsible for security, ensuring that unauthorized users do not access the system.
Operating systems can be classified as follows: Multi-user : Allows two or more users to run programs at the same time. Some operating systems permit hundreds or even thousands of concurrent users. Multiprocessing : Supports running a program on more than one CPU. Multitasking : Allows more than one program to run concurrently. Multithreading : Allows different parts of a single program to run concurrently. Real time: Responds to input instantly. General-purpose operating systems, such as DOS and UNIX, are not real-time.
Operating systems provide a software platform on top of which other programs, called application programs, can run. The application programs must be written to run on top of a particular operating system. Your choice of operating system, therefore, determines to a great extent the applications you can run. For PCs, the most popular operating systems are DOS, OS/2, and Windows, but others are available, such as Linux.
As a user, you normally interact with the operating system through a set of commands. For example, the DOS operating system contains commands such as COPY and RENAME for copying files and changing the names of files, respectively. The commands are accepted and executed by a part of the operating system called the command processor or command line interpreter. Graphical user interfaces allow you to enter commands by pointing and clicking at objects that appear on the screen.
The most important program that runs on a computer. Every general-purpose computer must have an operating system to run other programs. Operating systems perform basic tasks, such as recognizing input from the keyboard, sending output to the display screen, keeping track of files and directories on the disk, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.
For large systems, the operating system has even greater responsibilities and powers. It is like a traffic cop -- it makes sure that different program and users running at the same time do not interfere with each other. The operating system is also responsible for security, ensuring that unauthorized users do not access the system.
Operating systems can be classified as follows: Multi-user : Allows two or more users to run programs at the same time. Some operating systems permit hundreds or even thousands of concurrent users. Multiprocessing : Supports running a program on more than one CPU. Multitasking : Allows more than one program to run concurrently. Multithreading : Allows different parts of a single program to run concurrently. Real time: Responds to input instantly. General-purpose operating systems, such as DOS and UNIX, are not real-time.
Operating systems provide a software platform on top of which other programs, called application programs, can run. The application programs must be written to run on top of a particular operating system. Your choice of operating system, therefore, determines to a great extent the applications you can run. For PCs, the most popular operating systems are DOS, OS/2, and Windows, but others are available, such as Linux.
As a user, you normally interact with the operating system through a set of commands. For example, the DOS operating system contains commands such as COPY and RENAME for copying files and changing the names of files, respectively. The commands are accepted and executed by a part of the operating system called the command processor or command line interpreter. Graphical user interfaces allow you to enter commands by pointing and clicking at objects that appear on the screen.
Windows 98
Windows 98 is a widely-installed product in Microsoft's evolution of the Windows operating system for personal computers. Windows 98 was code named "Memphis" during development and was, at one point, called "Windows 97" based on an earlier production schedule. Windows 98 expressed Microsoft's belief that users want and should have a global view of their potential resources and that Web technology should be an important part of the user interface. Although building Microsoft's own Web browser into the user desktop was one of the defining issues in the U.S. Justice Department's antitrust suit against Microsoft in the 1990s, Windows 98 was released as planned with its tightly integrated browser.
Microsoft's Internet Explorer was designed to be considerably more with the operating system than previous versions. With Active Desktop, users can view and access desktop objects online as well as local files and applications. The Windows 98 desktop is, in fact, a Web page with HTML links and features that exploit Microsoft's ActiveX control.
Windows 98 and Windows 95 (with Internet Explorer 4.0 or another web browser installed) had early versions push technology installed, the ability to have news and other content delivered automatically by specified Web sites. RSS is a more current example of this functionally.
Windows 98 also provides a 32-bit file allocation table (FAT) that allows users to have a single-partition disk drive larger than 2 GB. Other features in Windows 98 include Support for Universal Serial Bus (USB), which makes it easy to plug in new devices Support for Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) Support for a new industry-standard form of power management called Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI)
Windows 98 is a widely-installed product in Microsoft's evolution of the Windows operating system for personal computers. Windows 98 was code named "Memphis" during development and was, at one point, called "Windows 97" based on an earlier production schedule. Windows 98 expressed Microsoft's belief that users want and should have a global view of their potential resources and that Web technology should be an important part of the user interface. Although building Microsoft's own Web browser into the user desktop was one of the defining issues in the U.S. Justice Department's antitrust suit against Microsoft in the 1990s, Windows 98 was released as planned with its tightly integrated browser.
Microsoft's Internet Explorer was designed to be considerably more with the operating system than previous versions. With Active Desktop, users can view and access desktop objects online as well as local files and applications. The Windows 98 desktop is, in fact, a Web page with HTML links and features that exploit Microsoft's ActiveX control.
Windows 98 and Windows 95 (with Internet Explorer 4.0 or another web browser installed) had early versions push technology installed, the ability to have news and other content delivered automatically by specified Web sites. RSS is a more current example of this functionally.
Windows 98 also provides a 32-bit file allocation table (FAT) that allows users to have a single-partition disk drive larger than 2 GB. Other features in Windows 98 include Support for Universal Serial Bus (USB), which makes it easy to plug in new devices Support for Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) Support for a new industry-standard form of power management called Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI)
CD-ROM
A CD-ROM (Compact Disc, read-only-memory) is a round disk (CD) that is designed to store computer data in the form of text and graphics, as well as hi-fi stereo sound. The original data format standard was defined by Philips and Sony in the 1983 Yellow Book. Other standards are used in conjunction with it to define directory and file structures, including ISO 9660, HFS (Hierarchal File System, for Macintosh computers), and Hybrid HFS-ISO. Format of the CD-ROM is the same as for audio CDs: a standard CD is 120 mm (4.75 inches) in diameter and 1.2 mm (0.05 inches) thick and is composed of a polycarbonate plastic substrate (under layer - this is the main body of the disc), one or more thin reflective metal (usually aluminum) layers, and a lacquer coating.
The Yellow Book specifications were so general that there was some fear in the industry that multiple incompatible and proprietary formats would be created. In order to prevent such an occurrence, representatives from industry leaders met at the High Sierra Hotel in Lake Tahoe to collaborate on a common standard. Nicknamed the High Sierra Format, this version was later modified to become ISO 9660. Today, CD-ROMs are standardized and will work in any standard CD-ROM drive. CD-ROM drives can also read audio compact discs for music, although CD players cannot read
CD-ROM discs. Although the disc media and the drives of the CD and CD-ROM are, in principle, the same, there is a difference in the way data storage is organized. Two new sectors were defined, Mode 1 for storing computer data and Mode 2 for compressed audio or video/graphic data.
CD-ROM Mode 1 is the mode used for CD-ROMs that carry data and applications only. In order to access the thousands of data files that may be present on this type of CD, precise addressing is necessary. Data is laid out in nearly the same way as it is on audio disks: data is stored in sectors (the smallest separately addressable block of information), which each hold 2,352 bytes of data, with an additional number of bytes used for error detection and correction, as well as control structures. For mode 1 CD-ROM data storage, the sectors are further broken down, and 2,048 used for the expected data, while the other 304 bytes are devoted to extra error detection and correction code, because CD-ROMs are not as fault tolerant as audio CDs. There are 75 sectors per second on the disk, which yields a disc capacity of 681,984,000 bytes (650MB) and a single speed transfer rate of 150 KBps, with higher rates for faster CD-ROM drives. Drive speed is expressed as multiples of the single speed transfer rate, as 2X, 4X, 6X, and so on. Most drives support CD-ROM XA (Extended Architecture) and Photo-CD (including multiple session discs).
CD-ROM Mode 2 is used for compressed audio/video information and uses only two layers of error detection and correction, the same as the CD-DA. Therefore, all 2,336 bytes of data behind the sync and header bytes are for user data. Although the sectors of CD-DA, CD-ROM Mode 1 and Mode 2 are the same size, the amount of data that can be stored varies considerably because of the use of sync and header bytes, error correction and detection. The Mode 2 format offers a flexible method for storing graphics and video. It allows different kinds of data to be mixed together, and became the basis for CD-ROM XA. Mode 2 can be read by normal CD-ROM drives, in conjunction with the appropriate drivers.
A CD-ROM (Compact Disc, read-only-memory) is a round disk (CD) that is designed to store computer data in the form of text and graphics, as well as hi-fi stereo sound. The original data format standard was defined by Philips and Sony in the 1983 Yellow Book. Other standards are used in conjunction with it to define directory and file structures, including ISO 9660, HFS (Hierarchal File System, for Macintosh computers), and Hybrid HFS-ISO. Format of the CD-ROM is the same as for audio CDs: a standard CD is 120 mm (4.75 inches) in diameter and 1.2 mm (0.05 inches) thick and is composed of a polycarbonate plastic substrate (under layer - this is the main body of the disc), one or more thin reflective metal (usually aluminum) layers, and a lacquer coating.
The Yellow Book specifications were so general that there was some fear in the industry that multiple incompatible and proprietary formats would be created. In order to prevent such an occurrence, representatives from industry leaders met at the High Sierra Hotel in Lake Tahoe to collaborate on a common standard. Nicknamed the High Sierra Format, this version was later modified to become ISO 9660. Today, CD-ROMs are standardized and will work in any standard CD-ROM drive. CD-ROM drives can also read audio compact discs for music, although CD players cannot read
CD-ROM discs. Although the disc media and the drives of the CD and CD-ROM are, in principle, the same, there is a difference in the way data storage is organized. Two new sectors were defined, Mode 1 for storing computer data and Mode 2 for compressed audio or video/graphic data.
CD-ROM Mode 1 is the mode used for CD-ROMs that carry data and applications only. In order to access the thousands of data files that may be present on this type of CD, precise addressing is necessary. Data is laid out in nearly the same way as it is on audio disks: data is stored in sectors (the smallest separately addressable block of information), which each hold 2,352 bytes of data, with an additional number of bytes used for error detection and correction, as well as control structures. For mode 1 CD-ROM data storage, the sectors are further broken down, and 2,048 used for the expected data, while the other 304 bytes are devoted to extra error detection and correction code, because CD-ROMs are not as fault tolerant as audio CDs. There are 75 sectors per second on the disk, which yields a disc capacity of 681,984,000 bytes (650MB) and a single speed transfer rate of 150 KBps, with higher rates for faster CD-ROM drives. Drive speed is expressed as multiples of the single speed transfer rate, as 2X, 4X, 6X, and so on. Most drives support CD-ROM XA (Extended Architecture) and Photo-CD (including multiple session discs).
CD-ROM Mode 2 is used for compressed audio/video information and uses only two layers of error detection and correction, the same as the CD-DA. Therefore, all 2,336 bytes of data behind the sync and header bytes are for user data. Although the sectors of CD-DA, CD-ROM Mode 1 and Mode 2 are the same size, the amount of data that can be stored varies considerably because of the use of sync and header bytes, error correction and detection. The Mode 2 format offers a flexible method for storing graphics and video. It allows different kinds of data to be mixed together, and became the basis for CD-ROM XA. Mode 2 can be read by normal CD-ROM drives, in conjunction with the appropriate drivers.
Motherboard
The motherboard is the main circuit board inside your PC. Every component at some point communicates through the motherboard, either by directly plugging into it or by communicating through one of the motherboards ports. The motherboard is one big communication highway. Its purpose inside your PC is to provide a platform for all the other components and peripherals to talk to each other.
The type of motherboards depends on the CPU it was designed for. You can therefore categories motherboards by which socket type they have. E.g. Socket A, Socket 478 etc. The Type of motherboard you buy is very important, as it will need to house your CPU, and they are not interchangeable. When buying a motherboard, it will always tell you what socket type it has.
Motherboards have got to be one of the hardest components to measure the speed of. Performance can really only be measured by benchmarking using the same components in several motherboards of the same type. You often find that motherboards with the same chipset have roughly the same performance in real world tests. The minor differences that do occur are down to the quality of the materials used and the quality of the manufacturing.
The Motherboards speeds that are quoted on the box are maximum supported speeds for other components. For example motherboards will quote the maximum FSB (Front Side Bus) speed. However without a CPU that also supports this speed, it will never be reached. Likewise when it quotes the maximum memory speed. The memory of this speed has to be present.
A motherboard chipset controls all the data that flows through the data channels (buses) of the motherboard. The primary function of the motherboard chipset is to direct this data to the correct area's of the motherboard, and therefore the correct components.
The motherboard contains many connections for all type of components. Motherboards contain expansion slots such as the ISA, PCI, AGP and DIMM sockets. It also contains external connections for your onboard sound card, USB ports, Serial and Parallel ports, PS/2 ports for your keyboard and mouse as well as network and Fire wire connections.
So the motherboard has a massive part to play in the workings of your PC. Components that you buy all rely on the motherboard to have the correct connections are available and working. Its best to buy a decent motherboard especially if you plan on buying extra's in the future.
The motherboard is the main circuit board inside your PC. Every component at some point communicates through the motherboard, either by directly plugging into it or by communicating through one of the motherboards ports. The motherboard is one big communication highway. Its purpose inside your PC is to provide a platform for all the other components and peripherals to talk to each other.
The type of motherboards depends on the CPU it was designed for. You can therefore categories motherboards by which socket type they have. E.g. Socket A, Socket 478 etc. The Type of motherboard you buy is very important, as it will need to house your CPU, and they are not interchangeable. When buying a motherboard, it will always tell you what socket type it has.
Motherboards have got to be one of the hardest components to measure the speed of. Performance can really only be measured by benchmarking using the same components in several motherboards of the same type. You often find that motherboards with the same chipset have roughly the same performance in real world tests. The minor differences that do occur are down to the quality of the materials used and the quality of the manufacturing.
The Motherboards speeds that are quoted on the box are maximum supported speeds for other components. For example motherboards will quote the maximum FSB (Front Side Bus) speed. However without a CPU that also supports this speed, it will never be reached. Likewise when it quotes the maximum memory speed. The memory of this speed has to be present.
A motherboard chipset controls all the data that flows through the data channels (buses) of the motherboard. The primary function of the motherboard chipset is to direct this data to the correct area's of the motherboard, and therefore the correct components.
The motherboard contains many connections for all type of components. Motherboards contain expansion slots such as the ISA, PCI, AGP and DIMM sockets. It also contains external connections for your onboard sound card, USB ports, Serial and Parallel ports, PS/2 ports for your keyboard and mouse as well as network and Fire wire connections.
So the motherboard has a massive part to play in the workings of your PC. Components that you buy all rely on the motherboard to have the correct connections are available and working. Its best to buy a decent motherboard especially if you plan on buying extra's in the future.
Graphics Card
The graphics card is responsible for delivering the image you see on your PC monitor. Its GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) processes the machine code and changes it into a signal to the monitor. There are many factors to a graphics card. Choosing one can be a tricky business these days as there is so much technology that is different in each new graphics card release. More of these later in the article
When PC first came and for some time after, the graphics cards purpose was only to display the image on the screen. The amount of memory you got on a graphics card was very small and was not needed to a great extent. Today's graphics cards do more than just display an image, they help the processor with the job of processing when it comes to the graphics. The graphics card would in effect accelerate the process of displaying the image on screen.
This was needed when the 3D gaming world took the centre stage. The speed required to process the images on screen at 60 frames per second and process the code for the game itself was simply too much for a CPU to handle on its own and so the games would simply crawl along at a very slow pace. The graphics card would use some of its own built in instruction logic to added things such as textures lighting effects, fog effect and bump mapping to give a far more detailed picture. Also the speeds of graphics cards have improved a great deal in order to let these effects be used without the problem of the frame rate dropping.
Two types of Graphics card available today are the AGP and PCI-e versions. The AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) is the older of the two technologies but still quite popular as many people still have these slots incorporated into there motherboards. The PCI-Express (Peripheral Component Interconnect) version has been around for a couple of years now and new graphics cards and motherboards alike are using this technology. PCI express offers a greater scope for data transfer to and from the graphics card and main memory.
The graphics card is responsible for delivering the image you see on your PC monitor. Its GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) processes the machine code and changes it into a signal to the monitor. There are many factors to a graphics card. Choosing one can be a tricky business these days as there is so much technology that is different in each new graphics card release. More of these later in the article
When PC first came and for some time after, the graphics cards purpose was only to display the image on the screen. The amount of memory you got on a graphics card was very small and was not needed to a great extent. Today's graphics cards do more than just display an image, they help the processor with the job of processing when it comes to the graphics. The graphics card would in effect accelerate the process of displaying the image on screen.
This was needed when the 3D gaming world took the centre stage. The speed required to process the images on screen at 60 frames per second and process the code for the game itself was simply too much for a CPU to handle on its own and so the games would simply crawl along at a very slow pace. The graphics card would use some of its own built in instruction logic to added things such as textures lighting effects, fog effect and bump mapping to give a far more detailed picture. Also the speeds of graphics cards have improved a great deal in order to let these effects be used without the problem of the frame rate dropping.
Two types of Graphics card available today are the AGP and PCI-e versions. The AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) is the older of the two technologies but still quite popular as many people still have these slots incorporated into there motherboards. The PCI-Express (Peripheral Component Interconnect) version has been around for a couple of years now and new graphics cards and motherboards alike are using this technology. PCI express offers a greater scope for data transfer to and from the graphics card and main memory.
RAM
RAM, short for Random Access Memory is the short storage area for your PC. Often just called memory or system memory RAM is just an electromagnetic storage that loses all its data once the power has been removed. RAM is used by your operating system and other programs and games in order to store data that is required at speed. Computers with large amount of memory often perform faster simply because the CPU is not idle waiting for data to be retrieved from slower components such as the hard drive and can be stored in memory.
RAM can be accessed by the computer for any piece of data in any cell of the memory bank. There is no need to go through the entire memory bank to get to the data you require. The opposite to Random access is serial access. SAM or Serial Access Memory needs to be read from the start to get to the data you require. An example of SAM storage would be a cassette tape. Of course there are things which fit in-between these two examples such as a CD or DVD. Because these have tracks they can be random access to a point but then need Serial access to get to the exact spot required.
RAM consists of many capacitors and transistors. A capacitor and a transistor are paired together to make a memory cell. The capacitor represents one "bit" of data, the transistor is able to change the state of the capacitor to either a 0 or a 1. the Zero's and ones when read in a sequence represent the code which the computer understands. This is called binary data because there is only two states that the capacitor can be in.
In order for a capacitor to achieve a value of 1 it needs to be filled with electrons. To achieve a value of 0 the capacitor needs to be emptied of electrons. You may of noticed when purchasing RAM that many types of RAM you buy are called DRAM or SDRAM. DRAM or Dynamic Random Access Memory has a small problem with the capacitors holding a value of 1. It is called dynamic RAM because its state of 1 or 0 needs to be constantly refreshed on order to stay in the correct state. In order to demonstrate this and for a much more detailed look into the workings of RAM a good site site is how stuff works. This article will show you a much more technical look at the workings of RAM and has a great Diagram to illustrate the nature of Dynamic Random Access Memory
There is a type of RAM that doesn't have to be refreshed constantly. This is called SRAM or Static RAM. Static RAM uses a type of Flip Flop to hold the data in the cell. This can take around 6 transistors on a chip per cell rather than just the one., The consequences are that Static RAM needs more chips per Mb than DRAM and therefore is much more expensive.
RAM, short for Random Access Memory is the short storage area for your PC. Often just called memory or system memory RAM is just an electromagnetic storage that loses all its data once the power has been removed. RAM is used by your operating system and other programs and games in order to store data that is required at speed. Computers with large amount of memory often perform faster simply because the CPU is not idle waiting for data to be retrieved from slower components such as the hard drive and can be stored in memory.
RAM can be accessed by the computer for any piece of data in any cell of the memory bank. There is no need to go through the entire memory bank to get to the data you require. The opposite to Random access is serial access. SAM or Serial Access Memory needs to be read from the start to get to the data you require. An example of SAM storage would be a cassette tape. Of course there are things which fit in-between these two examples such as a CD or DVD. Because these have tracks they can be random access to a point but then need Serial access to get to the exact spot required.
RAM consists of many capacitors and transistors. A capacitor and a transistor are paired together to make a memory cell. The capacitor represents one "bit" of data, the transistor is able to change the state of the capacitor to either a 0 or a 1. the Zero's and ones when read in a sequence represent the code which the computer understands. This is called binary data because there is only two states that the capacitor can be in.
In order for a capacitor to achieve a value of 1 it needs to be filled with electrons. To achieve a value of 0 the capacitor needs to be emptied of electrons. You may of noticed when purchasing RAM that many types of RAM you buy are called DRAM or SDRAM. DRAM or Dynamic Random Access Memory has a small problem with the capacitors holding a value of 1. It is called dynamic RAM because its state of 1 or 0 needs to be constantly refreshed on order to stay in the correct state. In order to demonstrate this and for a much more detailed look into the workings of RAM a good site site is how stuff works. This article will show you a much more technical look at the workings of RAM and has a great Diagram to illustrate the nature of Dynamic Random Access Memory
There is a type of RAM that doesn't have to be refreshed constantly. This is called SRAM or Static RAM. Static RAM uses a type of Flip Flop to hold the data in the cell. This can take around 6 transistors on a chip per cell rather than just the one., The consequences are that Static RAM needs more chips per Mb than DRAM and therefore is much more expensive.
NIC Card
NIC Stands for Network Interface card. It is one of the most important computer network devices that are used for the data communication and to connect the computers with each other. It is plugged inside the computer either in the PCI slot or it is built-in the motherboard.
A twisted pair UTP/STP with RJ45 connector is used to connect the computer with the Hub or Switch. Fiber optic cable can also be used to connect the computer with the hub or switch.
A NIC can be wired or wireless and it has digital circuitry and microprocessor. A wireless NIC is used to connect the computers with each other wirelessly. There are different vendors of the NIC such as D-Link, 3Com, Intel, Realtek, Baylan and Baynet.
Before buying and installing a network interface card in your computer make sure that it is compatible with the other network devices. NIC card operates on the Data Link and physical layer of the OSI layers model. For every computer in a network, it is required to have a NIC to communicate with other computers.
Every NIC has unique MAC address and no two NIC cards from two different vendors can have the same MAC address. NIC has twisted pair, BNC and AUI sockets. The one end of the network cable is used to connect with the NIC and the other end is used to connect with the hub or switch.
NIC provides the fulltime connectivity for the data transmission. Sometimes computers do not communicate with each other due to the malfunctioning of the NIC.
Hub or a switch in a computer network acts as a relay that passes the information from one computer to another. It is important that the LAN card is compatible with the hub or switch to make the data flow faster to avoid the packet loss and network congestion.
NIC Stands for Network Interface card. It is one of the most important computer network devices that are used for the data communication and to connect the computers with each other. It is plugged inside the computer either in the PCI slot or it is built-in the motherboard.
A twisted pair UTP/STP with RJ45 connector is used to connect the computer with the Hub or Switch. Fiber optic cable can also be used to connect the computer with the hub or switch.
A NIC can be wired or wireless and it has digital circuitry and microprocessor. A wireless NIC is used to connect the computers with each other wirelessly. There are different vendors of the NIC such as D-Link, 3Com, Intel, Realtek, Baylan and Baynet.
Before buying and installing a network interface card in your computer make sure that it is compatible with the other network devices. NIC card operates on the Data Link and physical layer of the OSI layers model. For every computer in a network, it is required to have a NIC to communicate with other computers.
Every NIC has unique MAC address and no two NIC cards from two different vendors can have the same MAC address. NIC has twisted pair, BNC and AUI sockets. The one end of the network cable is used to connect with the NIC and the other end is used to connect with the hub or switch.
NIC provides the fulltime connectivity for the data transmission. Sometimes computers do not communicate with each other due to the malfunctioning of the NIC.
Hub or a switch in a computer network acts as a relay that passes the information from one computer to another. It is important that the LAN card is compatible with the hub or switch to make the data flow faster to avoid the packet loss and network congestion.
Computer Virus
In 1983, Fred Cohen coined the term “computer virus”, postulating a virus was "a program that can 'infect' other programs by modifying them to include a possibly evolved copy of itself.” Mr. Cohen expanded his definition a year later in his 1984 paper, “A Computer Virus”, noting that “a virus can spread throughout a computer system or network using the authorizations of every user using it to infect their programs. Every program that gets infected may also act as a virus and thus the infection grows.”
Using that explanation, we can see that viruses infect program files. However, viruses can also infect certain types of data files, specifically those types of data files that support executable content, for example, files created in Microsoft Office programs that rely on macros. Compounding the definition difficulty, viruses also exist that demonstrate a similar ability to infect data files that don't typically support executable content - for example, Adobe PDF files, widely used for document sharing, and .JPG image files. However, in both cases, the respective virus has a dependency on an outside executable and thus neither virus can be considered more than a simple ‘proof of concept’.
In other cases, the data files themselves may not be infect able, but can allow for the introduction of viral code. Specifically, vulnerabilities in certain products can allow data files to be manipulated in such a way that it will cause the host program to become unstable, after which malicious code can be introduced to the system. These examples are given simply to note that viruses no longer relegate themselves to simply infecting program files, as was the case when Mr. Cohen first defined the term. Thus, to simplify and modernize, it can be safely stated that a virus infects other files, whether program or data.
In contrast to viruses, computer worms are malicious programs that copy themselves from system to system, rather than infiltrating legitimate files. For example, a mass-mailing email worm is a worm that sends copies of itself via email. A network worm makes copies of itself throughout a network, an Internet worm sends copies of itself via vulnerable computers on the Internet, and so on.
In 1983, Fred Cohen coined the term “computer virus”, postulating a virus was "a program that can 'infect' other programs by modifying them to include a possibly evolved copy of itself.” Mr. Cohen expanded his definition a year later in his 1984 paper, “A Computer Virus”, noting that “a virus can spread throughout a computer system or network using the authorizations of every user using it to infect their programs. Every program that gets infected may also act as a virus and thus the infection grows.”
Using that explanation, we can see that viruses infect program files. However, viruses can also infect certain types of data files, specifically those types of data files that support executable content, for example, files created in Microsoft Office programs that rely on macros. Compounding the definition difficulty, viruses also exist that demonstrate a similar ability to infect data files that don't typically support executable content - for example, Adobe PDF files, widely used for document sharing, and .JPG image files. However, in both cases, the respective virus has a dependency on an outside executable and thus neither virus can be considered more than a simple ‘proof of concept’.
In other cases, the data files themselves may not be infect able, but can allow for the introduction of viral code. Specifically, vulnerabilities in certain products can allow data files to be manipulated in such a way that it will cause the host program to become unstable, after which malicious code can be introduced to the system. These examples are given simply to note that viruses no longer relegate themselves to simply infecting program files, as was the case when Mr. Cohen first defined the term. Thus, to simplify and modernize, it can be safely stated that a virus infects other files, whether program or data.
In contrast to viruses, computer worms are malicious programs that copy themselves from system to system, rather than infiltrating legitimate files. For example, a mass-mailing email worm is a worm that sends copies of itself via email. A network worm makes copies of itself throughout a network, an Internet worm sends copies of itself via vulnerable computers on the Internet, and so on.
Antivirus
Antivirus (or "anti-virus") software is a class of program that searches your hard drive and floppy disks for any known or potential viruses. The market for this kind of program has expanded because of Internet growth and the increasing use of the Internet by businesses concerned about protecting their computer assets.
Anti-virus is the name given to software that detects and (where possible) removes viruses from messages. By removing viruses at the email server, all internal mail clients are protected AND all customers are protected from receiving viruses too.
Computer Viruses are written by people who wish to gain control of your system resources and are continually updated to try and break through any barriers you may have installed. GMS Anti-Virus overcomes this issue by providing a "signature file" update service which ensures that all new variants are caught as soon as possible.
The reason to have an up to date antivirus software package on your computer, notebook, workstation or server is simple, to protect it and all the data and information on it. Whether you are connecting to the Internet with your computer at home, at work or running an online business, it is vital that you have some type of antivirus software installed to protect your system. Do not be fooled into thinking that you do not need antivirus software because you only casually surf the Internet or send and read e-mail.
The reality is any computer should have antivirus software that is designed by a trusted maker and is updated regularly with the latest virus definitions, even systems without an internet connection should have antivirus software installed. You must remember that the cost of purchasing, and keeping antivirus software up to date is very small compared to the cost or re-installing software, getting your system fixed or losing all your valuable data and photos.
Antivirus (or "anti-virus") software is a class of program that searches your hard drive and floppy disks for any known or potential viruses. The market for this kind of program has expanded because of Internet growth and the increasing use of the Internet by businesses concerned about protecting their computer assets.
Anti-virus is the name given to software that detects and (where possible) removes viruses from messages. By removing viruses at the email server, all internal mail clients are protected AND all customers are protected from receiving viruses too.
Computer Viruses are written by people who wish to gain control of your system resources and are continually updated to try and break through any barriers you may have installed. GMS Anti-Virus overcomes this issue by providing a "signature file" update service which ensures that all new variants are caught as soon as possible.
The reason to have an up to date antivirus software package on your computer, notebook, workstation or server is simple, to protect it and all the data and information on it. Whether you are connecting to the Internet with your computer at home, at work or running an online business, it is vital that you have some type of antivirus software installed to protect your system. Do not be fooled into thinking that you do not need antivirus software because you only casually surf the Internet or send and read e-mail.
The reality is any computer should have antivirus software that is designed by a trusted maker and is updated regularly with the latest virus definitions, even systems without an internet connection should have antivirus software installed. You must remember that the cost of purchasing, and keeping antivirus software up to date is very small compared to the cost or re-installing software, getting your system fixed or losing all your valuable data and photos.
Floppy Disk
In the below illustration we have represented what a floppy cable may look like. In the below illustration this floppy cable allows a desktop computer to have two floppy drives connected to one controller like the IDE / EIDE controller. Because floppy drives almost always do not have a master / slave jumper, the drives are defined by cable select, which can be identified by looking for the cable twist as shown below.
Originally created in 1967 by IBM, the floppy reference is derived from the floppy media that is encased within the protective casing. This media is a magnetic medium and is written to much like the method used by hard disk drives. Floppy drives have been found in computers for several years and are commonly still being used today. The next generation of floppy drives will more than likely be the LS-120 diskette drives which are already being included in many computers now.
8" Disk - The first disk was introduced in 1971. The disk was 8" in diameter with a magnetic coating, enclosed in a cardboard case with the capacity of one megabyte. Conversely to hard disks, the heads actually touch the disk, like in a cassette or video player which actually wears the media. 5.25" Disk - 160KB first Created in 1976 and later becoming a standard in 1978. 5.25" Single Side - 160KB, 5.25" Double Side - 360KB, 5.25" Double Side High Density - 1.2MB. 3.5" Disk - Created by IBM in 1984, which even today are still commonly used. Most 3 1/2" newer disks have a capacity of up to 1.44MB. 3.5" Double Density - 720KB, 3.5" High Density - 1.44MB, 3.5" Extended Density (IBM ONLY) - 2.88MB
First, the top left of the back of the floppy there is a small tab. This tab enables the floppy disk to be switched from write protected and un-write protected. Move the tab to the top position, creating a hole, makes the disk write protected. This means that nothing can be written, erased or deleted from the diskette. Moving the tab to the bottom position allows the disk to be un-write protected, which means the diskette can be written too, erased, and or have information deleted from the diskette. Some diskettes, which are generally cheaper diskettes, will be missing this tab. To write information to the diskette you will have to place a piece of scotch tape over the hole.
Second, the top right hand of the back of the floppy you will notice a small hole. This tells the computer if the diskette within the computer is a High Density diskette.Third, you will notice the circular metal disk in the middle of the floppy diskette. This is used to rotate the magnetic medium within the floppy disk casing.Fourth, you will see a metal door which can be moved left and then will snap back to its original position. This door is used to allow the read/write head within the floppy drive to have the capability of accessing the magnetic medium within the casing. Once the diskette is removed, this door will snap back into position, helping to prevent anything from getting on the magnetic medium and destroying it.
In the below illustration we have represented what a floppy cable may look like. In the below illustration this floppy cable allows a desktop computer to have two floppy drives connected to one controller like the IDE / EIDE controller. Because floppy drives almost always do not have a master / slave jumper, the drives are defined by cable select, which can be identified by looking for the cable twist as shown below.
Originally created in 1967 by IBM, the floppy reference is derived from the floppy media that is encased within the protective casing. This media is a magnetic medium and is written to much like the method used by hard disk drives. Floppy drives have been found in computers for several years and are commonly still being used today. The next generation of floppy drives will more than likely be the LS-120 diskette drives which are already being included in many computers now.
8" Disk - The first disk was introduced in 1971. The disk was 8" in diameter with a magnetic coating, enclosed in a cardboard case with the capacity of one megabyte. Conversely to hard disks, the heads actually touch the disk, like in a cassette or video player which actually wears the media. 5.25" Disk - 160KB first Created in 1976 and later becoming a standard in 1978. 5.25" Single Side - 160KB, 5.25" Double Side - 360KB, 5.25" Double Side High Density - 1.2MB. 3.5" Disk - Created by IBM in 1984, which even today are still commonly used. Most 3 1/2" newer disks have a capacity of up to 1.44MB. 3.5" Double Density - 720KB, 3.5" High Density - 1.44MB, 3.5" Extended Density (IBM ONLY) - 2.88MB
First, the top left of the back of the floppy there is a small tab. This tab enables the floppy disk to be switched from write protected and un-write protected. Move the tab to the top position, creating a hole, makes the disk write protected. This means that nothing can be written, erased or deleted from the diskette. Moving the tab to the bottom position allows the disk to be un-write protected, which means the diskette can be written too, erased, and or have information deleted from the diskette. Some diskettes, which are generally cheaper diskettes, will be missing this tab. To write information to the diskette you will have to place a piece of scotch tape over the hole.
Second, the top right hand of the back of the floppy you will notice a small hole. This tells the computer if the diskette within the computer is a High Density diskette.Third, you will notice the circular metal disk in the middle of the floppy diskette. This is used to rotate the magnetic medium within the floppy disk casing.Fourth, you will see a metal door which can be moved left and then will snap back to its original position. This door is used to allow the read/write head within the floppy drive to have the capability of accessing the magnetic medium within the casing. Once the diskette is removed, this door will snap back into position, helping to prevent anything from getting on the magnetic medium and destroying it.
Cricket
Cricket is a bat-and-ball team sport that originated in southern England. The earliest definite reference is dated 1597 and it is now played in more than 100 countries. There are several forms of cricket, at its highest level is Test cricket, in which the current world leading team is Australia, followed by One Day International cricket, whose last World Cup was also won by Australia; the tournament was televised in over 200 countries to a viewing audience estimated at more than two billion viewers.
A cricket match is contested by two teams, usually of eleven players each and is played on a grass field in the centre of which is a flat strip of ground 22 yards (20 m) long called a pitch. A wicket, usually made of wood, is placed at each end of the pitch and used as a target.
The bowler, a player from the fielding team, bowls a hard leather, fist-sized, 5.5 ounces (160 g) cricket ball from the vicinity of one wicket towards the other, which is guarded by the batsman, a player from the opposing team. The ball usually bounces once before reaching the batsman. In defense of his wicket, the batsman plays the ball with a wooden cricket bat. Meanwhile, the other members of the bowler's team stand in various positions around the field as fielders, players who retrieve the ball in an effort to stop the batsman scoring runs, and if possible to get him or her out. The batsman — if he or she does not get out — may run between the wickets, exchanging ends with a second batsman (the "non-striker"), who has been stationed at the other end of the pitch. Each completed exchange of ends scores one run. Runs are also scored if the batsman hits the ball to the boundary of the playing area. The number of runs scored and the number of players out are the main factors that determine the eventual match result.
There are several variations as to how long a game of cricket can last. In professional cricket this can be anything from a match limited to 20 overs per side to a game played over 5 days. Depending on the length of the game being played, there are different rules that govern how a game is won, lost, drawn or tied.
Cricket is a bat-and-ball team sport that originated in southern England. The earliest definite reference is dated 1597 and it is now played in more than 100 countries. There are several forms of cricket, at its highest level is Test cricket, in which the current world leading team is Australia, followed by One Day International cricket, whose last World Cup was also won by Australia; the tournament was televised in over 200 countries to a viewing audience estimated at more than two billion viewers.
A cricket match is contested by two teams, usually of eleven players each and is played on a grass field in the centre of which is a flat strip of ground 22 yards (20 m) long called a pitch. A wicket, usually made of wood, is placed at each end of the pitch and used as a target.
The bowler, a player from the fielding team, bowls a hard leather, fist-sized, 5.5 ounces (160 g) cricket ball from the vicinity of one wicket towards the other, which is guarded by the batsman, a player from the opposing team. The ball usually bounces once before reaching the batsman. In defense of his wicket, the batsman plays the ball with a wooden cricket bat. Meanwhile, the other members of the bowler's team stand in various positions around the field as fielders, players who retrieve the ball in an effort to stop the batsman scoring runs, and if possible to get him or her out. The batsman — if he or she does not get out — may run between the wickets, exchanging ends with a second batsman (the "non-striker"), who has been stationed at the other end of the pitch. Each completed exchange of ends scores one run. Runs are also scored if the batsman hits the ball to the boundary of the playing area. The number of runs scored and the number of players out are the main factors that determine the eventual match result.
There are several variations as to how long a game of cricket can last. In professional cricket this can be anything from a match limited to 20 overs per side to a game played over 5 days. Depending on the length of the game being played, there are different rules that govern how a game is won, lost, drawn or tied.
Soccer
The way to play the game is to pass the ball through a marked area known as the goal which is a net supported by two poles. The ball used in the game is spherical in shape and is not too big neither too small in size. In the 11 players there is also a goal keeper whose job is to defend their side of the team by not allowing the ball to pass through the goal posts. The game rules does not specify any positions of the players else than the goalkeeper.
The teams can make their own strategies by positioning the remaining 10 players at any point of the ground boundaries. The ball can only be touched by the feet, the head or sometimes the chest of the body.
If the ball touches the hand, it is considered a foul and suitable advantage is given to the opponent team for the foul. The game is won by the team which is able to score the most goals at the end of the time limits. The time limit for the game is divided into two parts for a total of 90 minutes and each of 45 minutes.In between there is a small break for the refreshment and relaxation of players. In one half one, team is awarded the ball in their possession and in the next round the ball is awarded to the other team so that the justice is maintained to some extent through this procedure.
The football game is administered by an international body known as Federation Internationale de Football Association but is more commonly recognized by its short form FIFA. The football has a very famous event which is held every four years known as the FIFA world cup.
Hundreds of thousands of people come to see this event and many times the attendance for the world cup matches is more than the number of people attending the Olympic Games. The game of soccer/football is played by passing the ball inside the team while trying to approach the opponent's goal post and score one for the team. As the game requires continuous running and other agility maneuvers during the 45 min single break less game play, the players need to have a very fit and agile body. Their stamina level also needs to be high so that they may not get tired during the 45 min period.
If a player gets injured during the game, there is an option to substitute the player for another one. There are about 5 players in reserve thus making the whole team of 16 people out of which 5 can be substituted. There is also a choice of changing a player without a reason. If a player is not playing well, the coach can choose to substitute that player with another one. But substitution occurs after a foul and not in between the normal game.
If at the end of the time limit, each team has the same number of goals, the game can then be decided by the penalty shootouts. There are 5 chances given to each team and only the goalkeeper and a single player from the team can come at a time. The player hits the ball and the goalkeeper tries to defend the goal. The team at the end to have the most goals wins the match.
The way to play the game is to pass the ball through a marked area known as the goal which is a net supported by two poles. The ball used in the game is spherical in shape and is not too big neither too small in size. In the 11 players there is also a goal keeper whose job is to defend their side of the team by not allowing the ball to pass through the goal posts. The game rules does not specify any positions of the players else than the goalkeeper.
The teams can make their own strategies by positioning the remaining 10 players at any point of the ground boundaries. The ball can only be touched by the feet, the head or sometimes the chest of the body.
If the ball touches the hand, it is considered a foul and suitable advantage is given to the opponent team for the foul. The game is won by the team which is able to score the most goals at the end of the time limits. The time limit for the game is divided into two parts for a total of 90 minutes and each of 45 minutes.In between there is a small break for the refreshment and relaxation of players. In one half one, team is awarded the ball in their possession and in the next round the ball is awarded to the other team so that the justice is maintained to some extent through this procedure.
The football game is administered by an international body known as Federation Internationale de Football Association but is more commonly recognized by its short form FIFA. The football has a very famous event which is held every four years known as the FIFA world cup.
Hundreds of thousands of people come to see this event and many times the attendance for the world cup matches is more than the number of people attending the Olympic Games. The game of soccer/football is played by passing the ball inside the team while trying to approach the opponent's goal post and score one for the team. As the game requires continuous running and other agility maneuvers during the 45 min single break less game play, the players need to have a very fit and agile body. Their stamina level also needs to be high so that they may not get tired during the 45 min period.
If a player gets injured during the game, there is an option to substitute the player for another one. There are about 5 players in reserve thus making the whole team of 16 people out of which 5 can be substituted. There is also a choice of changing a player without a reason. If a player is not playing well, the coach can choose to substitute that player with another one. But substitution occurs after a foul and not in between the normal game.
If at the end of the time limit, each team has the same number of goals, the game can then be decided by the penalty shootouts. There are 5 chances given to each team and only the goalkeeper and a single player from the team can come at a time. The player hits the ball and the goalkeeper tries to defend the goal. The team at the end to have the most goals wins the match.
Baseball
Baseball is a bat-and-ball sport played between two teams of nine players each. The goal of baseball is to score runs by hitting a thrown ball with a bat and touching a series of four markers called bases arranged at the corners of a ninety-foot square, or diamond. Players on one team (the batting team) take turns hitting while the other team (the fielding team) tries to stop them from scoring runs by getting hitters out in any of several ways. A player on the batting team can stop at any of the bases and hope to score on a teammate's hit. The teams switch between batting and fielding whenever the fielding team gets three outs. One turn at bat for each team constitutes an inning; nine innings make up a professional game. The team with the most runs at the end of the game wins.
Evolving from older bat-and-ball games, an early form of baseball was being played in England by the mid-eighteenth century. These games, as well as the related game of rounders, were brought by British and Irish immigrants to North America, where the modern version of baseball developed. By the late nineteenth century, baseball was widely recognized as the national sport of the United States. Baseball on the professional, amateur, and youth levels is now popular in North America, Central America, parts of South America and the Caribbean, and parts of East Asia and Southeast Asia. The game is sometimes referred to as hardball in contrast to the very similar game of softball.
In North America, professional Major League Baseball teams are divided into the National League (NL) and American League (AL). Each league has three divisions: East, West, and Central. Every year, the champion of Major League Baseball is determined by playoffs culminating in the World Series. Four teams make the playoffs from each league: the three regular season division winners, plus one wild card team.
The wild card is the team with the best record among the non–division winners in the league. In the National League, the pitcher is required to bat, per the traditional rules. In the American League, there is a tenth player, a designated hitter, who bats for the pitcher. Each major league team has a "farm system" of minor league teams at various levels. These teams allow younger players to develop as they gain on-field experience against opponents with similar levels of skill.
Baseball is a bat-and-ball sport played between two teams of nine players each. The goal of baseball is to score runs by hitting a thrown ball with a bat and touching a series of four markers called bases arranged at the corners of a ninety-foot square, or diamond. Players on one team (the batting team) take turns hitting while the other team (the fielding team) tries to stop them from scoring runs by getting hitters out in any of several ways. A player on the batting team can stop at any of the bases and hope to score on a teammate's hit. The teams switch between batting and fielding whenever the fielding team gets three outs. One turn at bat for each team constitutes an inning; nine innings make up a professional game. The team with the most runs at the end of the game wins.
Evolving from older bat-and-ball games, an early form of baseball was being played in England by the mid-eighteenth century. These games, as well as the related game of rounders, were brought by British and Irish immigrants to North America, where the modern version of baseball developed. By the late nineteenth century, baseball was widely recognized as the national sport of the United States. Baseball on the professional, amateur, and youth levels is now popular in North America, Central America, parts of South America and the Caribbean, and parts of East Asia and Southeast Asia. The game is sometimes referred to as hardball in contrast to the very similar game of softball.
In North America, professional Major League Baseball teams are divided into the National League (NL) and American League (AL). Each league has three divisions: East, West, and Central. Every year, the champion of Major League Baseball is determined by playoffs culminating in the World Series. Four teams make the playoffs from each league: the three regular season division winners, plus one wild card team.
The wild card is the team with the best record among the non–division winners in the league. In the National League, the pitcher is required to bat, per the traditional rules. In the American League, there is a tenth player, a designated hitter, who bats for the pitcher. Each major league team has a "farm system" of minor league teams at various levels. These teams allow younger players to develop as they gain on-field experience against opponents with similar levels of skill.
Basketball
Basketball is a team sport in which two teams of five active players each try to score points against one another by propelling a ball through a 10 feet (3 m) high hoop (the goal) under organized rules. Basketball is one of the most popular and widely viewed sports in the world.
Points are scored by shooting the ball through the basket above; the team with more points at the end of the game wins. The ball can be advanced on the court by bouncing it (dribbling) or passing it between teammates. Disruptive physical contact (foul) is not permitted and there are restrictions on how the ball can be handled (violations).
Through time, basketball has developed to involve common techniques of shooting, passing and dribbling, as well as players' positions, and offensive and defensive structures. Typically, the tallest members of a team will play center or one of two forward positions, while shorter players or those who possess the best ball handling skills and speed, play the guard positions.
While competitive basketball is carefully regulated, numerous variations of basketball have developed for casual play. In some countries, basketball is also a popular spectator sport. While competitive basketball is primarily an indoor sport, played on a basketball court, less regulated variations have become exceedingly popular as an outdoor sport among both inner city and rural groups.
Basketball is a team sport in which two teams of five active players each try to score points against one another by propelling a ball through a 10 feet (3 m) high hoop (the goal) under organized rules. Basketball is one of the most popular and widely viewed sports in the world.
Points are scored by shooting the ball through the basket above; the team with more points at the end of the game wins. The ball can be advanced on the court by bouncing it (dribbling) or passing it between teammates. Disruptive physical contact (foul) is not permitted and there are restrictions on how the ball can be handled (violations).
Through time, basketball has developed to involve common techniques of shooting, passing and dribbling, as well as players' positions, and offensive and defensive structures. Typically, the tallest members of a team will play center or one of two forward positions, while shorter players or those who possess the best ball handling skills and speed, play the guard positions.
While competitive basketball is carefully regulated, numerous variations of basketball have developed for casual play. In some countries, basketball is also a popular spectator sport. While competitive basketball is primarily an indoor sport, played on a basketball court, less regulated variations have become exceedingly popular as an outdoor sport among both inner city and rural groups.
Ice Hockey
Ice hockey, often referred to simply as hockey, is a team sport played on ice. It is a fast paced and physical sport. Ice hockey is most popular in areas that are sufficiently cold for natural reliable seasonal ice cover such as Canada, the northern United States, Scandinavia and Russia, though with the advent of indoor artificial ice rinks it has become a year-round pastime at the amateur level in major metropolitan areas such as cities that host a National Hockey League (NHL) or other professional-league team.
It is one of the four major North American professional sports, and the NHL is at the highest level, and the Canadian Women's Hockey League (CWHL) and the Western Women's Hockey League (WWHL) are at the highest level of women's ice hockey in the world. It is the official national winter sport of Canada, where the game enjoys immense popularity. Only six of the thirty NHL franchises are based in Canada, but Canadian players outnumber Americans in the league.
While there are 66 total members of the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF), Canada, the Czech Republic, Finland, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden and the United States have finished in most of the coveted 1st, 2nd and 3rd places at IIHF World Championships. Of the 63 medals awarded in men's competition at the Olympic level from 1920 on, only six did not go to the one of those countries, or a former entity thereof, such as Czechoslovakia or the Soviet Union.
Only one of those six medals was above bronze. Those seven nations have also captured 162 of 177 medals awarded at 59 non-Olympic IIHF World Championships, and all medals since 1954. Likewise, all nine Olympic and 27 IIHF World Women Championships medals have gone to one of those seven countries.
Ice hockey, often referred to simply as hockey, is a team sport played on ice. It is a fast paced and physical sport. Ice hockey is most popular in areas that are sufficiently cold for natural reliable seasonal ice cover such as Canada, the northern United States, Scandinavia and Russia, though with the advent of indoor artificial ice rinks it has become a year-round pastime at the amateur level in major metropolitan areas such as cities that host a National Hockey League (NHL) or other professional-league team.
It is one of the four major North American professional sports, and the NHL is at the highest level, and the Canadian Women's Hockey League (CWHL) and the Western Women's Hockey League (WWHL) are at the highest level of women's ice hockey in the world. It is the official national winter sport of Canada, where the game enjoys immense popularity. Only six of the thirty NHL franchises are based in Canada, but Canadian players outnumber Americans in the league.
While there are 66 total members of the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF), Canada, the Czech Republic, Finland, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden and the United States have finished in most of the coveted 1st, 2nd and 3rd places at IIHF World Championships. Of the 63 medals awarded in men's competition at the Olympic level from 1920 on, only six did not go to the one of those countries, or a former entity thereof, such as Czechoslovakia or the Soviet Union.
Only one of those six medals was above bronze. Those seven nations have also captured 162 of 177 medals awarded at 59 non-Olympic IIHF World Championships, and all medals since 1954. Likewise, all nine Olympic and 27 IIHF World Women Championships medals have gone to one of those seven countries.
Snooker
Snooker is a cue sport that is played on a large baize-covered table with pockets in each of the four corners and in the middle of each of the long side cushions. A regulation (full-size) table is 12 ft × 6 ft (3.6 m x 1.8 m). It is played using a cue and snooker balls: one white cue ball, 15 red balls worth one point each, and six balls of different colours yellow (2 points), green (3), brown (4), blue (5), pink (6) and black (7). A player (or team) wins a frame (individual game) of snooker by scoring more points than the opponent(s), using the cue ball to pot the red and coloured balls. A player wins a match when a certain number of frames have been won.
Snooker, generally regarded as having been invented in India by British Army officers, is particularly popular in many of the English-speaking and Commonwealth countries, with top professional players attaining multi-million pound career earnings from the game.
The object of the game is to score more points than the opponent by potting object balls in a predefined order. At the start of a frame, the balls are positioned as shown and the players take it in turns to hit a shot in a single strike from the tip of the cue, their aim being to pot one of the red balls and score a point. If they do pot at least one red, then it remains in the pocket and they are allowed another shot - this time the aim being to pot one of the colours. If successful, then they gain the value of the colour potted. It is returned to its correct position on the table and they must try to pot another red again. This process continues until they fail to pot the desired ball, at which point their opponent comes back to the table to play the next shot. The game continues in this manner until all the reds are potted and only the 6 colours are left on the table; at that point the aim is then to pot the colours in the order yellow, green, brown, blue, pink, black. When a colour is potted in this phase of a frame, it remains off the table. When the final ball is potted, the player with the most points wins.
Points may also be scored in a game when a player's opponent fouls. A foul can occur for numerous reasons, such as hitting a colour first when the player was attempting to hit a red, potting the cue ball, or failing to escape from "a snooker" (a situation where the previous player finished their turn leaving the cue ball in a position where the object ball cannot be hit directly). Points gained from a foul vary from a minimum of 4 to a maximum of 7 if the black ball is involved.
Snooker is a cue sport that is played on a large baize-covered table with pockets in each of the four corners and in the middle of each of the long side cushions. A regulation (full-size) table is 12 ft × 6 ft (3.6 m x 1.8 m). It is played using a cue and snooker balls: one white cue ball, 15 red balls worth one point each, and six balls of different colours yellow (2 points), green (3), brown (4), blue (5), pink (6) and black (7). A player (or team) wins a frame (individual game) of snooker by scoring more points than the opponent(s), using the cue ball to pot the red and coloured balls. A player wins a match when a certain number of frames have been won.
Snooker, generally regarded as having been invented in India by British Army officers, is particularly popular in many of the English-speaking and Commonwealth countries, with top professional players attaining multi-million pound career earnings from the game.
The object of the game is to score more points than the opponent by potting object balls in a predefined order. At the start of a frame, the balls are positioned as shown and the players take it in turns to hit a shot in a single strike from the tip of the cue, their aim being to pot one of the red balls and score a point. If they do pot at least one red, then it remains in the pocket and they are allowed another shot - this time the aim being to pot one of the colours. If successful, then they gain the value of the colour potted. It is returned to its correct position on the table and they must try to pot another red again. This process continues until they fail to pot the desired ball, at which point their opponent comes back to the table to play the next shot. The game continues in this manner until all the reds are potted and only the 6 colours are left on the table; at that point the aim is then to pot the colours in the order yellow, green, brown, blue, pink, black. When a colour is potted in this phase of a frame, it remains off the table. When the final ball is potted, the player with the most points wins.
Points may also be scored in a game when a player's opponent fouls. A foul can occur for numerous reasons, such as hitting a colour first when the player was attempting to hit a red, potting the cue ball, or failing to escape from "a snooker" (a situation where the previous player finished their turn leaving the cue ball in a position where the object ball cannot be hit directly). Points gained from a foul vary from a minimum of 4 to a maximum of 7 if the black ball is involved.
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